Computer and Video Glossary

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Today, the world of video and computers is merging into a single technology. Almost every modern video device is essentially a purpose built computer. This glossary combines video, audio, data, and computer terminology that is commonly used

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

2D

Two dimensional. An image or object with only two dimensions, such as width and height, but no depth.

2D+Delta

A single image along with data that represents the difference between that image view and a second eye image view along with other additional metadata. The delta data could be spatial temporal stereo disparity, temporal predictive or bidirectional motion compensation.

2D signal processing

A signal processing chain where 2D and 3D signals receive the same processing steps and the processor does not need to know what type of signal is being processed.

1080p/24

A progressively scanned high definition video format with 1920 pixels and 1080 lines and a nominal frame rate of 24 frames per second (see also sF)

16QAM

16 (level) quadrature amplitude modulation This is a standard used in Microwave transmission for hand-held cameras that are operating in a wireless configuration. Typically QAM is expressed as 16QAM or 64QAM for use in the United States and part of Europe

16-VSB

Vestigial Sideband Modulation with 16 discrete amplitude levels. See 8VSB for a definition of VSB .

While 8VSB is the ATSC digital broadcast modulation format (used in the United States and Canada), 16VSB was planned for cable distribution. 16VSB is about twice as susceptible to noise, therefore less suitable than 8VSB for broadcast, but well suited to the signal-to-noise ratio of hybrid fiber-coax distribution, allowing twice as much programming in a 6-MHz channel.

1CBPS

1 coded bit per symbol

2CBPS

2 coded bit per symbol

4:2:2

A commonly used term for a component digital video format. The details of the format are specified in the ITU-R601 standard. The numerals 4:2:2 denote the ratio of the sampling frequencies of the luminance channel to the two color difference channels. For every four luminance samples, there are two samples of each color difference channel

4:4:4

A commonly used term for a high resolution component digital video format. The numerals 4:4:4 denote the ratio of the sampling frequencies of the luminance channel to the two color difference channels. For every four luminance samples, there are four samples of each color difference channel. 4:4:4 sampled signals are also available in a RGB format with equal sampling rates for each of the color channels. These signals are commonly carried on a pair of coax cables according to the SMPTE 372M standard

4Fsc

A commonly used term for a composite digital video format. The details of the format are specified in the ITU-R601 standard. The numerals 4Fsc denote that the sampling frequency is 4 times the color sub carrier frequency (approximately 14.3 MHz for NTSC and 17.7 MHz for PAL)

5.1 Surround Sound

Audio Signal for listening by the end user creating either during post-production, but more commonly during post-Production. The 5.1 is composed of 6 channels of Audio Consisting of the following: Front Left, Front Right, Center, Rear Left, Rear Right, and a Sub Woofer.

7.1 Surround Sound

Essentially the same as 5.1, with two added channels of Front Left and Front Right Height Speakers which are located above the Front Left and Front Right Speakers.

8PSK

8 (level) phase shift keying

8-VSB

8VSB is the modulation method used for broadcast in the ATSC digital television standard. ATSC and 8VSB modulation is used primarily in North America; in contrast, the DVB-T standard uses COFDM.

A modulation method specifies how the radio signal fluctuates to convey information. ATSC and DVB-T specify the modulation used for over-the-air digital television; by comparison, QAM is the modulation method used for cable. The specifications for a cable-ready television, then, might state that it supports 8VSB (for broadcast TV) and QAM (for cable TV).

8VSB is an 8-level vestigial sideband modulation. In essence, it converts a binary stream into an octal representation by amplitude modulating a sinusoidal carrier to one of eight levels. 8VSB is capable of transmitting three bits (2³=8) per symbol; in ATSC, each symbol includes two bits from the MPEG transport stream which are trellis modulated to produce a three-bit figure. The resulting signal is then band-pass filtered with a Nyquist filter to remove redundancies in the side lobes, and then shifted up to the broadcast frequency.

A

AAC

Advanced Audio Coding

AatonCode

An in-camera film time code system, exposed in the camera during filming, carries data which is both machine-readable (a matrix of dots for each film frame) and man-readable for its conversion into SMPTE time code. AatonCode specifically contains the production time code synchronizing data, hour, minute, second, frame, year, month, day, production ID, camera ID and camera speed. AatonCode, has two format, the original and AatonCode II, the current format.

ABA TDES

112 bit triple DES used in "encrypt-decrypt-encrypt" mode

ABC TDES

168

AC-3

ATSC Digital Audio Compression Standard (see A/52)

ACAP

Advanced Common Application Platform

ACAP-J

ACAP Procedural (Java)

ACAP-X

ACAP Declarative (XHTML)

ACATS

Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service

ACIR

Adjacent channel interference ratio

ACLR

Adjacent channel leakage ratio

ACMod

Audio coding mode

ACRR

Adjacent channel rejection ratio

A/D

Analog to digital converter

addbsi

Additional bit stream information

addbsie

Additional bit stream information exists

addbsil

Additional bit stream information length

AEIT

Aggregate event information table

AES

AES has two definitions. The first is the Audio Engineering Society, while the second is Advanced Encryption Standard. The Audio Engineering Society is a professional organization that recommends standards for the audio industries, while the Advanced Encryption Standard is the standard used for the digital transmission of audio over coax cable, Ethernet cable, and 110 Ohm Audio cable.

AES / EBU

Informal name for a digital audio standard established jointly by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcasting Union organizations. This audio standard is formally known as AES3 but may also be informally called AES/EBU audio or simply AES audio. Typically Each AES feed contains two channels of audio, digitally encrypted for transmission using coax cable, Ethernet Cable, and 110 Ohm Audio Cable.

AETT

Aggregate extended text table

AFD

Active Format Description. AFD is intended to guide DTV receivers and/or intermediate professional video equipment regarding the display of video of one aspect ratio on a display of another aspect ratio. It is specified by SMPTE standards 2016-1 and 2016-3

AFI

Authority and format identifier

Afterburner

A device which takes embedded data from the video bit stream and translates it into human readable text. This text is then "burnt" into the on screen picture in character windows. This is usually time code data, scene, take and other post production data

ALC

Asynchronous Layered Coding

Alpha Channel

In electronic production and post-production, there is increasing application of 4:4:4:4 encoding ---- which provides full-bandwidth R', G', and B' plus the additional alpha channel to carry processing information. An adaptation from computer graphics, the alpha channel may contain information for linear key, for luminance and/or Chroma transparency, for variable edge enhancement, and similar image-processing information

AMOL

Automated measurement of lineups

Amperage

Sample Text

Amplitude Modulation

Sample Text

Analog

An adjective describing any signal that varies continuously as opposed to a digital signal that contains discrete levels representing digits 0 and 1

Analog Modulation (AM)

Sample Text

A to D converter (analog-to-digital)

A circuit that uses digital sampling to convert an analog signal into a digital representation of that signal

Analog Video / Analog Audio

A video or audio stream encoded into the voltage amplitudes of an electromagnetic wave

Anamorphic Format

Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for: the cinematography technique of capturing a wide screen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other visual recording media, with a non-wide screen native aspect ratio; or a photographic projection format in which the original image requires an optical anamorphic lens to recreate the original aspect ratio. It should not be confused with anamorphic wide screen, which is a very different electronically-based video encoding concept that uses similar principles to the anamorphic format but different means. The word "anamorphic" and its derivatives stem from the Greek words meaning formed again, due to reshaping the image onto the film or recording media.

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

Aperture, camera

The available maximum dimensions of the optical image on the active surface of the photo-sensor, within which good quality image information is being recorded. The camera aperture determines the maximum usable scene information captured and introduced into the system, and available for subsequent processing and display

Aperture, clean

The clean aperture in a video digital system defines an inner picture area (within the production aperture) within which the picture information is subjectively uncontaminated by all edge transient distortions

Aperture, production

A production aperture for a studio digital video signal defines an active picture area produced by signal sources such as cameras, telecines, digital video tape recorders, and computer-generated pictures. It is recommended that all of this video information be carefully produced, stored, and properly processed by subsequent digital equipment

Aperture, safe action

A safe action aperture indicates the safe action image area within which all significant action must take place, to ensure visibility of the information on the majority of home television receivers

Aperture, safe title

A safe title aperture indicates the safe title image area, within which the most important information must be confined, to ensure visibility of the information on the majority of home television receivers

API

Application programming interface

ARM

Application reference model

ARRI Code

An in-camera film time code system, exposed in the camera during filming, carries machine-readable data (a modulated series bars similar to SMPTE LTC for each film frame). ARRI Code specifically contains the production time code data, hour, minute, second, frame, year, month, day, and camera ID.

Artifact

A defect or distortion of the image, introduced along the sequence from origination and image capture to final display

ASC

American Society of Cinemaphotographers. For their website Click Here

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASF

Active Streaming Format

ASI

Asynchronous serial interface

Aspect Ratio

The ratio of width to height in a picture. Theatre screens generally have an aspect ratio of 1.85 to 1, wide screen TV (16x9) is 1.77 to 1, and normal TV (4x3) is 1.33 to 1

The standard aspect ratios are 1.66, 1.85, and 2.39 (anamorphic). NTSC video (common in North America and Japan) plays at 29.97 frame/s; PAL (common in most other countries) plays at 25 frame/s. These two television and video systems also have different resolutions and color encodings. Many of the technical difficulties involving film and video concern translation between the different formats. Video aspect ratios are 4:3 for full screen and 16:9 for wide screen.

ASTD

Ancillary service target decoder

AT

ATSC Time

ATC

ATC has two meanings. The first is Ancillary Time Code. See SMPTE 12M-2, while the second is ancillary terrestrial component (MSS terrestrial base stations)

ATM

Asynchronous transfer mode

ATPC

Automatic transmitter power control

ATSC

Acronym for Advanced Television Systems Committee. This group sets standards for various digital standards for American Television and some other devices such as Hand-Held devices

ATSC-M/H

ATSC Mobile/Handheld Standard

ATTC

Advanced Television Test Center

ATV

Advanced television

ATVEF

Advanced Television Enhancement Forum

audblk

Audio block

Audio Group

A group of four audio signals embedded into a serial digital video bit stream. The group usually consists of either four monaural audio channels or two stereo pairs

audprodi2e

Audio production information exists, ch2

audprodie

Audio production information exists

auxbits

Auxiliary data bits

auxdata

Auxiliary data field

auxdatae

Auxiliary data exists

auxdatal

Auxiliary data length

AVC

Advanced Video Coding (ITU-T H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10)

Average Picture Level (APL)

In video systems, the average level of the picture signal during active scanning time integrated over a frame period; defined as a percentage of the range between blanking and reference white level

AVI

Audio Video Interleave, Microsoft's Video file format for Windows standard.

AWGN

Additive white Gaussian noise

B

B

SCCC output block length in symbols

baie

Bit allocation information exists

Balanced Audio

A method of transmitting audio that resists interference by sending a signal and its electrically inverse signal. Noise pickup along the transmission path is cancelled out as the two signals are differentially combined at the receiving end. This method of transmission is designed for long and/or exposed cable runs. This audio cable is typically uses 3 conductor audio cable, with one of the conductors being a shield.

Bandwidth

Sample

bap

Bit allocation pointer

Bar Data

Bar Data information is used to signal the precise unused areas of an image raster when the active video does not completely fill that raster, in particular wide screen cinema material carried letterboxed in a frame with bars top and bottom. AFD and Bar Data are described in a forthcoming SMPTE standard as well as ATSC A/53E (2006), CEA CEB-16 (2006)

BAS

Broadcast Auxiliary Services (Part 74 of the FCC Rules)

BCRO

Broadcast rights object

BER

See Bit Error Rate or ratio

BFO

Brute force overload

BFSK

Binary phase-shift keying

Bi-Level Sync

Sample Text

bin

Frequency coefficient bin in index [bin]

Binary

Sample Text

BIOP

Broadcast inter-ORB protocol

Bit

A binary representation of 0 or 1. One of the quantized levels of a pixel

Bit error rate (BER)

The average probability of a digital recording system reproducing a bit in error. It is the ratio of the number of characters of a message incorrectly received to the number of characters of the message received

Bit Parallel

Byte-wise transmission of digital video down a multi-conductor cable where each pair of wires carries a single bit. This standard is covered under SMPTE 125M, EBU TECH 3267-E and ITU-R656

Bit Serial

Bit-wise transmission of digital video down a single conductor such as coaxial cable. May also be sent through fiber optics. This standard is covered under SMPTE 259M and ITU-R656

Bit Stream

A continuous series of bits transmitted on a line

Bit-rate

The speed at which bits are transmitted, usually expressed in bits per second. With video information, in a digitized image for example, is transferred, recorded, and reproduced through the production process at some rate (bits/s) appropriate to the nature and capabilities of the origination, the channel, and the receptor

Blanking level

That level of a composite video signal that separates the range containing picture information from the range containing synchronizing information

blk

Blk can have two meanings. In the simplest of terms, it is often the abbreviation for Black or in computer terms it is known as Block in array index [blk]

blksw

Block switch flag

Blu-Ray Disk

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the norm for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.

The first Blu-ray Disc prototypes were unveiled in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its official release in June 2006.

The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.

The format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2011, more than 2,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 3,500 in the United States and Canada. In Japan, as of July 2010, more than 3,300 titles have been released.

During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008, releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.

BMP

Basic multilingual plane

BNC

Acronym for Bayonet Neill Concelman - a coaxial cable connector used extensively in professional television systems. These connectors have a characteristic impedance of 75Ω and are standardized by IEC 61169-8 Annex A

bnd

Band in array index [bnd]

bps

Bits per Second. When large quaitites of bits are being expressed they may have the suffix of kbps, or Mbps, or Gbps.

bpsk

Binary phase shift keying

BSD/A

Broadcast Service Distribution/Adaptation Center

bsi

Bit stream information

bsid

Bit stream identification

bslbf

Bit serial, leftmost bit first (From A/57A: "Bit string, left bit first, where "left" is the order in which the bit strings are written in the Standard. Bits strings are written as strings of 1s and 0s within single quotation marks, e.g. ‘1000 1001’. Blanks within a bit string are for ease of reading and have no significance."

BSM

BCAST subscription management

bsmod

Bit stream mode

BSS

Buried spread spectrum (direct sequence)

BTSC

Broadcast Television Systems Committee

BWS

Slot bandwidth (for a given service, within a transponder)

BWT

Transponder bandwidth

Byte

A complete set of quantized levels containing all the bits. Bytes consisting of 8 to 10 bits per sample are typical in digital video systems

C

CA

Conditional Access

Cable Equalization

The process of altering the frequency response of a video amplifier to compensate for high frequency losses in coaxial cable

CAM

Conditional access module

Carrier Signal

Sample Text

Carrier Waves

Sample Text

CAT

Conditional access table

CBC

Cipher block chaining

CCIR

International Radio Consultative Committee. An international standards committee. (This organization is now known as ITU)

CDTV

Conventional definition television

CDP

Caption distribution packet

CEA

Consumer Electronics Association. CEA is a professional organization that recommends standards and practices for the U.S. consumer electronics industry

Ch

Channel in array index [ch]

chbwcod

Channel bandwidth code

chexpstr

Channel exponent strategy

chincpl

Channel in coupling

chmant

Channel mantissas

Chroma Key

Sample Text\

C/I

Signal-to-interference ratio (between transmitters within a network)

CIT-MH

ell information table for ATSC-M/H

clev

Center mixing level coefficient

Cliff Effect

Also referred to as the 'digital cliff'. This is a phenomenon found in digital video systems that describes the sudden deterioration of picture quality due to excessive bit errors, often caused by excessive cable lengths. The digital signal will be perfect even though one of its signal parameters is approaching or passing the specified limits. At a given moment however, the parameter will reach a point where the data can no longer be interpreted correctly, and the picture will be totally unrecognizable

Closed Caption

A system of encoding word characters onto certain lines of a video stream which can be decoded and displayed by a compatible television. Provides program subtitles for the hearing impaired

CM

Component missing (see A/78)

cmixlev

Center mix level

CMRS

Commercial mobile radio services (cellular, SMR and PCS)

C/N

Carrier to noise

CODEC

An acronym of Compression, Decompression. A device or piece of software which takes one file or signal format and translates it to another with an ideally undetectable loss of quality

COFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), essentially identical to coded OFDM (COFDM) and discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and broadband internet access.

The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly-modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (that shows up as ghosting on analogue TV) to achieve a diversity gain, i.e. a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.

Color Black

An analog video signal that displays a black screen. This signal is often used as a reference signal for timing purposes and can also be called Genlock

Component Analog

The non-encoded output of a camera, video tape recorder, etc., consisting of the three primary color signals: red, green, and blue (RGB) that together convey all necessary picture information. In some component video formats these three components have been translated into a luminance signal and two color difference signals, for example Y, B-Y, R-Y

Component color

Structure of a video signal wherein the R, G, and B signals are kept separate from one another or wherein luminance and two band-limited color-difference signals are kept separate from one another. The separation may be achieved by separate channels, or by time-division multiplexing, or by a combination of both

Component Digital

A digital representation of a component analogue signal set, most often Y, B-Y, R-Y. The encoding parameters are specified by ITU-R601. ITU-R656 and SMPTE 125M specify the parallel interface

Composite Analog

An encoded video signal such as NTSC or PAL video that includes horizontal and vertical synchronizing information

Composite color

Structure of a video signal wherein the luminance and two band-limited color-difference signals are simultaneously present in the channel. The format may be achieved by frequency-division multiplexing, quadrature modulation, etc

Composite digital

A digitally encoded video signal, such as NTSC or PAL video that includes horizontal and vertical synchronizing information

compr

Compression gain word

compr2

Compression gain word, ch2

compr2e

Compression gain word exists, ch2

compre

Compression gain word exists

copyrightb

cplabsexp

Coupling absolute exponent

cplbegf

Coupling begin frequency code

cplbndstrc

Coupling band structure

cplco

Coupling coordinate

cplcoe

Coupling coordinates exist

cplcoep

Coupling coordinate exponent

cplcomant

Coupling coordinate mantissa

cpldeltba

Coupling dba

cpldeltbae

Coupling dba exists

cpldeltlen

Coupling dba length

cpldeltnseg

Coupling dba number of segments

cpldeltoffst

Coupling dba offset

cplendf

Coupling end frequency code

cplexps

Coupling exponents

cplexpstr

Coupling exponent strategy

cplfgaincod

Coupling fast gain code

cplfleak

Coupling fast leak initialization

cplfsnroffst

Coupling fine SNR offset

cplinu

Coupling in use

cplleake

Coupling leak initialization exists

cplmant

Coupling mantissas

cplsleak

Coupling slow leak initialization

cplstre

Coupling strategy exists

CRC

Cyclic redundancy check

crc1

Cyclic redundancy check word 1

crc2

Cyclic redundancy check word 2

crcrsv

crc reserved bit

CRL

Certificate revocation list

CS

Cadence signal

csnroffst

Coarse SNR offset

CSS

Cascading Style Sheet

CTA

Clear-to-air

CVCT

Cable virtual channel table

CW

Control word (The key used for MPEG transport scrambling).

CWDM

Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing. Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing allows up to 16 separate channels of data to be carried over a single optical cable using different wavelengths for each channel. Typically the wavelengths are separated at 20 nanometer wavelength intervals

D

D to A Converter (Digital to Analog)

Sample Text

D1

A component digital video recording format that uses data conforming to the ITU-R601 standard. Records on 19mm magnetic tape. (Often used incorrectly to refer to component digital video)

d15

d15 exponent coding mode

D2

A composite digital video recording format that uses data conforming to SMPTE 244M. Records on 19mm magnetic tape. (Often used incorrectly to refer to composite digital video)

d25

d25 exponent coding mode

D3

A composite digital video recording format that uses data conforming to SMPTE 244M. Records on 1/2" magnetic tape

d45

d45 exponent coding mode

D5

A component digital video recording format that uses data conforming to the ITU-R601 standard. Records on 1/2" magnetic tape

DA

See Distribution Amplifier

DA

declarative application

DAE

Declarative Application Environment

DASE

DTV Applications Software Environment

DARS

Digital Audio Reference Signal. A reference signal conforming to the format and electrical specification of the AES3 standard, but often has only the preamble active. This signal is used for synchronization in digital audio studio applications. The recommended practice AES11-1997 gives further information on the use of a DARS reference

Datagrams

A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network in which the delivery arrival time and order are not guaranteed. A datagram consists of header and data areas, where the header contains information sufficient for routing from the originating equipment to the destination without relying on prior exchanges between the equipment and the network. The source and destination addresses as well as a type field are found in the header of a datagram.

The term datagram is often considered synonymous to "packet", but there are some nuances. First, the term packet applies to any message formatted as a packet, while the term datagram is generally reserved for packets of an "unreliable" service. An "unreliable" service does not notify the user if delivery fails. For example, IP itself provides an unreliable service and UDP over IP also provides an unreliable one. That is why UDP packets are generally called datagrams. Second, if a datagram fragments, then its fragments may be referred as packets, but not as datagrams. However, TCP refers to its fragments as TCP segments, not packets, presumably to assert that its fragments are reliable.

DAU

Data access unit

DAVIC

Digital Audio Visual Council

Daylight saving time (DST)

Daylight Saving Time (DST) or Summer Time as it is called in many countries, is a way of getting more daylight out of the summer days by advancing the clocks by one hour during the summer. Then, the sun will appear to rise one hour later in the morning when people are usually asleep anyway, at the benefit of one hour longer evenings when awake. The sunset and sunrise are one hour later than during normal time

dB- (prefix)

A symbol indicating that a measurement is made using a logarithmic scale similar to that of the decibel (see below) in that a difference of 10 dB- corresponds to a factor of 10. In each case, the actual measurement is compared to a fixed reference level r and the "decibel" value is defined to be 10 log10(a/r). Many units of this kind have been used and only a few of the more common ones are mentioned in the next entries. In each case the dB symbol is followed by a second symbol identifying the specific measurement. Often the two symbols are not separated (as in "dBA"), but the Audio Engineering Society recommends that a space be used (as in "dB A")

dB FS

Abbreviation for "decibels full scale," a unit of power as measured by a digital device. A digital measurement has a maximum value M depending on the number of bits used. If the actual power measurement is p, the dB FS value displayed is 20•log10(p/M) dB FS. Since p cannot exceed M, this reading is always negative

dBm, dBW

logarithmic units of power used in electronics. These units measure power in decibels above the reference level of 1 milliwatt in the case of dBm and 1 watt in the case of dBW. A power of n watts equals 10 log n dBW; conversely, a power of p dBW equals 10(p/10) watts. The same formulas link dBm to milliwatts. An increase of 10 dB m or 10 dBW represents a 10-fold increase in power. Since 1 watt = 1000 milliwatts, 0 dBW = 30 dBm

dB TP

decibels, true-peak relative to full-scale (per ITU-R BS.1770 Annex 2)

dba

delta bit allocation

dbpbcod

dB per bit code

DBFS

deciBels full scale

DBS

direct broadcast satellite

dBu

A logarithmic unit of power, similar to dBm but computed from voltage measurements. The reference level is 0.775 volts, the voltage which generates a power of 1 milliwatt across a circuit having an impedance of 600Ω. A voltage of V volts corresponds to a power of 20•log10(V/0.775) dBu

DC

DownloadCancel

DCC

directed channel change

DCCRR

DCC capable DTV reference receiver

DCCSCT

DCC selection code table

DCT

discrete cosine transform

DDB

DownloadDataBlock

DDE

declarative data essence

DEB

data program element buffer

DEBn

data elementary stream buffer for synchronized data elementary stream n

DEBSn

Sample Text

decibel (dB)

A customary logarithmic measure most commonly used (in various ways) for measuring sound. The human ear is capable of detecting an enormous range of sound intensities. Furthermore, our perception is not linear. Experiment shows that when humans perceive one sound to be twice as loud as another, in fact the louder sound is about ten times as intense as the fainter one. For this reason, sound is measured on logarithmic scales. Informally, if one sound is 1 bel (10 decibels) "louder" than another, this means the louder sound is 10 times louder than the fainter one. A difference of 20 decibels corresponds to an increase of 10 x 10 or 100 times in intensity. The beginning of the scale, 0 decibels, can be set in different ways, depending on exactly which aspect of sound is being measured. See also dB- (above)

deltba

channel dba

deltbae

channel dba exists

deltbaie

dba information exists

deltlen

channel dba length

deltnseg

channel dba number of segments

deltoffst

channel dba offset

SAMPLE

Sample Text

De-embedding

The process of extracting an embedded signal from an input stream to generate two separate signals, perhaps with different standards. This term is often used to describe the process of extracting AES audio that has been embedded onto a serial digital video signal

De-Modulator

Sample Text

Demux

An abbreviation for 'de-multiplexing' which is the separation of Multiplexed data streams for dispersal to different devices. This term is often used synonymously with De-embedding when used to describe the process of extracting AES audio that has been embedded onto a serial digital video signal

DENG

digital electronic news gathering

DES

Data Encryption Standard

DES

data elementary stream

DET

data event table

DFS

data field synchronization data segment

DH

Diffie-Hellman

DHCP

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an automatic configuration protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need for intervention by a network administrator. It also provides a central database for keeping track of computers that have been connected to the network. This prevents two computers from accidentally being configured with the same IP address.

In the absence of DHCP, hosts may be manually configured with an IP address. Alternatively IPv6 hosts may use stateless address autoconfiguration to generate an IP address. IPv4 hosts may use link-local addressing to achieve limited local connectivity.

In addition to IP addresses, DHCP also provides other configuration information, particularly the IP addresses of local caching DNS resolvers. Hosts that do not use DHCP for address configuration may still use it to obtain other configuration information.

There are two versions of DHCP, one for IPv4 and one for IPv6. While both versions bear the same name and perform much the same purpose, the details of the protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 are sufficiently different that they can be considered separate protocols.

dialnorm

dialogue normalization word

dialnorm2

dialogue normalization word, ch2

Differential Phase-Shift Keying

Sample Text

Digital

Sample Text

Digital Rights Management

Also known as DRM and is a class of access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals with the intent to limit the use of digital content and devices after sale. DRM is any technology that inhibits uses of digital content that are not desired or intended by the content provider. Copy protection which can be circumvented without modifying the file or device, such as serial numbers or keyfiles are not generally considered to be DRM. DRM also includes specific instances of digital works or devices. Companies such as Amazon, AOL, Apple Inc., the BBC, Microsoft and Sony use digital rights management. In 1998 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was passed in the United States to impose criminal penalties on those who make available technologies whose primary purpose and function is to circumvent content protection technologies.

Digital Video / Digital Audio

A video or audio stream encoded into binary digits instead of wavelengths and amplitudes

DII

DownloadInfoIndication

DIMS

Dynamic interactive multimedia scenes

Discrete Multi-tone Modulation (DMT)

Sample Text

Distribution Amplifier

An electronic device which accepts a broadcast signal, amplifies it, and then outputs the same signal many times. Essentially a signal copying device

DIT

Data information table

DIT

Digital Image Technician is an IA 600 Job Classification for a person who works as a technical assistant to the camera department. A person in this classification is expected to have a fundamental understanding of how to set up a Digital Camera system and it's components and many also have the ability to download acquisition data from the camera hard drives and/or Solid State Recording Device or Flash Drive

dithflag

dither flag

DLNA

Digital Living Network Alliance

DMT

See Discrete Multi-tone Modulation

DNS

See Domain Name System

DOCSIS

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

DOM

document object model

Dolby

Sample Text

Domain Name System (DNS)

Sample Text

Downconverter

A converter which takes an HDTV signal and rescales it into a standard definition TV signal

Downstream

A broadcasting term meaning closer to the point of final transmission. Indicates the system is robust enough to handle "on-air" signals with confidence

Downstream Keyer

Sample Text

DRC

Dynamic range control

DRL

Data return link

DRM

Digital rights management

Drop frame

A method of adjusting the nominal 30 frame per second counting rate of SMPTE 12M-1 time code to the actual counting rate of approximately 29.97 frames per second - a difference of 1 part in 1001. This correction drops 108 frames per hour by skipping frame counts 0 and 1 at the beginning of each minute, except minutes 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. See also LTC and VITC

DS

delay spread

DSI

DownloadServerInitiate

DSL

digital subscriber line

DSM

digital storage media

DSM-CC

digital storage media command and control

DSNG

digital satellite news gathering

DSS

data segment synchronization

DST

data service table

dsurmod

Dolby surround mode

DTD

document type definition

DTH

direct to home

DTS

decoding time stamp

DTV

DTV Stands for Digital Television

DTVCC

digital television closed captioning

DTx

distributed transmission

DTxA

distributed transmission adapter

DTxN

distributed transmission network

DTxP

distributed transmission packet

DTxR

distributed translator

DTxS

distributed transmission system

DTxT

distributed transmitter

D/U

desired (signal) to undesired (signal) ratio

DVB

Digital Video Broadcasting

DVB-SI

Digital Video Broadcasting—Service Information

DVB-T

Sample Text

DVCR

digital video cassette recorder

DVS

Digital Video Subcommittee

DWDM

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing. A method for combining multiple fiber optic signals of different wavelengths onto a single strand of cable in a much smaller wavelength spectrum than CWDM. Dense Wave Division Multiplexing allows up to 80 separate channels of data to be carried over a single optical cable using different wavelengths for each channel

dynrng

dynamic range gain word

dynrng2

dynamic range gain word, ch2

dynrng2e

dynamic range gain word exists, ch2

dynrnge

dynamic range gain word exists

E

EA

Emergency Alert

EAS

Emergency Alert System. A broadcast warning system in the United States that either interrupts normal broadcasting, or displays an alert which crawls across the video picture. EAS alerts also contain an audible alert message

EAV

Abbreviation for "End of Active Video". A digital synchronization sequence consisting of a sequence of four consecutive code words (a code word of all ones, a code word of all zeros, another code word of all zeros, and a code word including F (field/frame), V (vertical), H (horizontal), P3, P2, P1, and P0 (parity) bits.) which is used to designate the start of the horizontal blanking interval of the digital line. See also SAV

EBU

European Broadcasting Union. EBU is an organization of European broadcasters that among other activities provides technical recommendations for the 625/50 line television systems

ECB

electronic codebook (DES cipher mode)

ECC

error correcting code

ECM

entitlement control message

EDE

encrypt-decrypt-encrypt

Sample

Sample Text

EDH

Error Detection and Handling (EDH) is defined in SMPTE RP 165 as a method of determining when bit errors have occurred along the digital video path. According to RP 165, two error detection checkwords are used, one for active picture samples, and the other on a full field of samples. Three sets of flags are used to convey information regarding detected errors, to facilitate identification of faulty equipment or cabling. One set of flags is associated with each checkword, and the third is used to evaluate ancillary data integrity. The checkwords and flags are combined into a special error detection data packet that is included as ancillary data in the serial digital signal

EFP

Electronic Field Production. Electronic Field Production is one step above Electronic News Gathering (ENG) in that more time and effort is put into lighting and the general photography of the subject matter. This is a single camera or sometimes multi-camera acquisition process.

EIA

Electronic Industries Alliance

EIRP

equivalent isotropic radiated power

EIT

event information table

Embedded Audio

Digital audio is multiplexed onto a serial digital video data stream according to the SMPTE 272M (standard definition) or SMPTE 299M (high definition) standards

Embedding

The process of combining one type of signal with another such that both signals can be transmitted using the standard of just one. This term is often used to describe the process of inserting AES audio into a serial digital video signal

EMM

entitlement management message

Encryption

Sample Text

ENG

Electronic news gathering (in the context of this document, "ENG" includes electronic field production (EFP)

ENG-RO

ENG receive-only site (also known as "central" receive site)

EPG

electronic program guide

Equalization

See Cable equalization

ERP

effective radiated power

ES

elementary stream

ESCR

elementary stream clock reference

ESG

electronic service guide

Ethernet

A protocol for connecting computers over a Local Area Network (LAN)

ETM

extended text message

ETS

European Telecommunication Standard

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

ETT

extended text table

exps

channel exponents

Extranet

Sample Text

F

fbw: full bandwidth

FCC: Federal Communications Commission

fdcycod: fast decay code

FDM

See Frequency-Division Multiplexing

FDMA: frequency division multiple access

FDT: file delivery table

FEC: forward error correction

FET-MH: future event table for ATSC-M/H

fgaincod: channel fast gain code

Fiber Optics

A method of encoding digital information into a pulsing laser, allowing much higher transmission bandwidth than copper cable

FIC: fast information channel

Field

Sample Text

FIFO: first-in, first-out shift register

Film Time Code

See AatonCode, ARRI Code

FIR: finite impulse response

Flicker

Sample Text

floorcod: masking floor code

floortab: masking floor table

FLUTE: File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (RFC 3926)

FM: frequency modulation

FPLL: frequency and phase-locked-loop

FPS

See Frames Per Second

FRAGnkj: IP fragmentation buffer for fragment identifier j, multicast address k, in program element n

Frames Per Second

In television and film this is the number of frames that are exposed or scanned per second. When the interlace Video process is used, each frame consists of 2 Fields. In film projection, each frame has two shutter exposures per frame, to reduce flicker

Frame Shaker

Another name for a Frame Synchronizer

Frame Synchronizer

A device which retimes an incoming video signal to a set reference such as Genlock, bi-level or tri-level sync signals

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Sample Text

FTP

Sample Text

frmsizecod: frame size code

fscod: sampling frequency code

FSK: frequency-shift keying

fsnroffst: channel fine SNR offset

FSPL: free-space power loss

FTA: free-to-air

FTP: Sample Text

G

gainmg

channel gain range code

GAT

guide access table

GAT-MH

guide access table for ATSC-M/H

Gbps

1,000,000,000 bits per second

Genlock

Sample Text

GF

Galois field

GHz

gigahertz (109 cycles per second)

GIF
Graphics Interchange Format--a bit-mapped graphics file format for the Internet, CompuServe and many BBSs. GIF supports color and various resolutions and includes data compression, making it especially effective for scanned photos.

GMSK

Guassian minimum shift keying

GOP

group of pictures

GMT

Greenwich Mean Time

GPI

GPI has two meanings, the first being General Purpose Interface. A method for communicating with electronic systems by utilizing relay or electronic contact closure inputs and outputs. The second interpretation of this term may also be an acronym for General Purpose Input, which is the contact closure input of a General Purpose Interface

GPO

General Purpose Output. The contact closure output of a General Purpose Interface

GPS

Global Positioning System. A collection of 24 orbiting satellites operated by the US Department of Defense. Using signals transmitted to and from these satellites, electronic devices can pinpoint their location and the local time and time zone automatically

Graticule

A group of lines inserted over a video signal to allow for measurement and alignment of the image. In a film camera the graticule is ground into the glass of the optical viewfinder to allow the cinematographer to properly frame the image

grp

group in index [grp]

H

H.264

H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding) is a standard for video compression, and is currently one of the most commonly used formats for the recording, compression, and distribution of high definition video. The final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003.

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is a block-oriented motion-compensation-based codec standard developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It was the product of a partnership effort known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). The ITU-T H.264 standard and the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC standard (formally, ISO/IEC 14496-10 - MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding) are jointly maintained so that they have identical technical content.

H.264 is perhaps best known as being one of the codec standards for Blu-ray Discs; all Blu-ray players must be able to decode H.264. It is also widely used by streaming internet sources, such as videos from Vimeo, YouTube, and the iTunes Store, web software such as the Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight, broadcast services for DVB and SBTVD, direct-broadcast satellite television services, cable television services, and real-time videoconferencing.

HANC

Horizontal Ancillary Data. Acronym for ancillary data packets carried in the horizontal blanking intervals of a digital television signal. May also refer to the data space located in the horizontal blanking interval where these packets are carried. Ancillary data packets contain metadata associated with the video or audio of a television bit stream. See also VANC

Handshaking

Sample Text

HAVi

Home Audio Video Interoperability

HD

High-Definition

HDCAM

A Sony HDTV component digital video recording format that uses data conforming to the ITU-R709 standard. Records on 1/2" magnetic tape

HDCAM-SRW

A Sony Proprietary Videotape Recording format that uses multiple recording heads to achieve a writing speed of 800 Mbps. This is the highest writng speed of any video tape recorder and delivers a superior signal with minimal video and audio compression. There are up to 12 channels of audio available and the unit comes in both a studio and portable deck version.

HDCP

(High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) is a specification developed by Intel Corporation to "protect" digital audio and video content as it travels across Digital Visual Interface (DVI) or High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) connections. The HDCP specification is proprietary and implementation of HDCP requires a license. It is a form of Digital rights management.

HDCP is licensed by Digital Content Protection, LLC. In addition to paying fees, licensees must also agree to limit the usefulness and interoperability of their products by restricting outputs and lowering the quality of reproduction on some interfaces such as speaker cables. Licensees cannot allow their devices to make copies of content, and must design their products to "effectively frustrate attempts to defeat the content protection requirements..

HD-D5

A Panasonic HDTV component digital video recording format that uses data conforming to the ITU-R709 standard. Records on 1/2" magnetic tape

HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. It is a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, or VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sources (such as set-top boxes, DVD players, HD DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players, AVCHD camcorders, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and AV receivers) to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, video projectors, tablet computers, and digital television.
: HDMI is backward-compatible with single-link Digital Visual Interface digital video (DVI-D or DVI-I, but not DVI-A). No signal conversion is required when an adapter or asymmetric cable is used, and consequently no loss in video quality occurs.; From a user's perspective, an HDMI display can be driven by a single-link DVI-D source, since HDMI and DVI-D define an overlapping minimum set of supported resolutions and framebuffer formats to ensure a basic level of interoperability. Since DVI-D displays are not required to support High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection, in the reverse scenario, a DVI-D monitor is not guaranteed to display a signal from an HDMI source. A typical HDMI-source (such as a Blu-ray player) may demand HDCP-compliance of the display, and hence refuse to output HDCP-protected content to a non-compliant display.^[92] All HDMI devices must support sRGB encoding.^[93] Absent this HDCP issue, an HDMI-source and DVI-D display would enjoy the same level of basic interoperability. Further complicating the issue is the existence of a handful of display equipment (high end home theater projectors) which were designed with HDMI inputs, but which are not HDCP-compliant.; Features specific to HDMI, such as remote-control and audio transport, are not available in devices that use legacy DVI-D signalling. However, many devices output HDMI over a DVI connector (e.g., ATI 3000-series and NVIDIA GTX 200-series video cards), and some multimedia displays may accept HDMI (including audio) over a DVI input. In general, exact capabilities vary from product to product.

Type A receptacle HDMI
Pin 1	TMDS Data2+
Pin 2	TMDS Data2 Shield
Pin 3	TMDS Data2–
Pin 4	TMDS Data1+
Pin 5	TMDS Data1 Shield
Pin 6	TMDS Data1–
Pin 7	TMDS Data0+
Pin 8	TMDS Data0 Shield
Pin 9	TMDS Data0–
Pin 10	TMDS Clock+
Pin 11	TMDS Clock Shield
Pin 12	TMDS Clock–
Pin 13	CEC
Pin 14	Reserved (HDMI 1.0-1.3c), HEC Data- (Optional, HDMI 1.4+ with Ethernet)
Pin 15	SCL (I²C Serial Clock for DDC)
Pin 16	SDA (I²C Serial Data Line for DDC)
Pin 17	DDC/CEC/HEC Ground
Pin 18	+5 V Power (max 50 mA)
Pin 19	Hot Plug Detect (All versions) and HEC Data+ (Optional, HDMI 1.4+ with Ethernet)

HDMI 1.0 - 1.2

HDMI 1.0 was released December 9, 2002 and is a single-cable digital audio/video connector interface with a maximum TMDS bandwidth of 4.9 Gbit/s. It supports up to 3.96 Gbit/s of video bandwidth (1080p/60 Hz or UXGA) and 8 channel LPCM/192 kHz/24-bit audio.^[2] HDMI 1.1 was released on May 20, 2004 and added support for DVD-Audio.^[2] HDMI 1.2 was released August 8, 2005 and added support for One Bit Audio, used on Super Audio CDs, at up to 8 channels. It also added the availability of HDMI type A connectors for PC sources, the ability for PC sources to only support the sRGB color space while retaining the option to support the YCbCr color space, and required HDMI 1.2 and later displays to support low-voltage sources. HDMI 1.2a was released on December 14, 2005 and fully specifies Consumer Electronic Control (CEC) features, command sets and CEC compliance tests

HDMI 1.3

HDMI 1.3 was released June 22, 2006 and increased the single-link bandwidth to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s). It optionally supports Deep Color, with 30-bit, 36-bit and 48-bit xvYCC, sRGB, or YCbCr, compared to 24-bit sRGB or YCbCr in previous HDMI versions. It also optionally supports output of Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio streams for external decoding by AV receivers. It incorporates automatic audio syncing (audio video sync) capability. It defined cable Categories 1 and 2, with Category 1 cable being tested up to 74.25 MHz and Category 2 being tested up to 340 MHz. It also added the new type C Mini connector for portable devices.

HDMI 1.3a was released on November 10, 2006 and had Cable and Sink modifications for type C, source termination recommendations, and removed undershoot and maximum rise/fall time limits. It also changes CEC capacitance limits, clarified sRGB video quantization range, and CEC commands for timer control were brought back in an altered form, with audio control commands added. It also added support for optionally streaming SACD in its bitstream DST format rather than uncompressed raw DSD like from HDMI 1.2 onwards.

HDMI 1.3b, 1.3b1 and 1.3c were released on March 26, 2007, November 9, 2007, and August 25, 2008 respectively. They do not introduce differences on HDMI features, functions, or performance, but only describe testing for products based on the HDMI 1.3a specification regarding HDMI compliance (1.3b), the HDMI type C Mini connector (1.3b1 and active HDMI cables (1.3c)

HDMI 1.4

HDMI 1.4 was released on May 28, 2009, and the first HDMI 1.4 products were available in the second half of 2009. HDMI 1.4 increases the maximum resolution to 4K × 2K, i.e. 3840 × 2160p at 24 Hz/25 Hz/30 Hz or 4096 × 2160p at 24 Hz (which is a resolution used with digital theaters); an HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC), which allows for a 100 Mb/s Ethernet connection between the two HDMI connected devices; and introduces an Audio Return Channel (ARC), 3D Over HDMI, a new Micro HDMI Connector, expanded support for color spaces, with the addition of sYCC601, Adobe RGB and Adobe YCC601; and an Automotive Connection System. HDMI 1.4 supports several stereoscopic 3D formats including field alternative (interlaced), frame packing (a full resolution top-bottom format), line alternative full, side-by-side half, side-by-side full, 2D + depth, and 2D + depth + graphics + graphics depth (WOWvx), with additional top/bottom formats added in version 1.4a . HDMI 1.4 requires that 3D displays support the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24.^[117] High Speed HDMI 1.3 cables can support all HDMI 1.4 features except for the HDMI Ethernet Channel.

HDMI 1.4a was released on March 4, 2010 and adds two additional mandatory 3D formats for broadcast content, which was deferred with HDMI 1.4 in order to see the direction of the 3D broadcast market. HDMI 1.4a has defined mandatory 3D formats for broadcast, game, and movie content. HDMI 1.4a requires that 3D displays support the frame packing 3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24, side-by-side horizontal at either 1080i50 or 1080i60, and top-and-bottom at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24.

HD-SD

high definition serial digital interface (compliant with SMPTE 292)

HD-SDI

High Definition Serial Digital Interface. A bit-serial digital interface for HDTV component signals operating at data rates of 1.485 Gb/s and 1.485/1.001 Gb/s. The HD-SDI interface is standardized in SMPTE 292M and can be carried over coaxial and fiber optic cables

HDTV

High-definition television

HE AAC

High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding

HE AAC v2

High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding version 2

HEX

hexadecimal notation

HPA

high power amplifier

HTML

HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tables, images, etc.

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visual or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.

Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup.

HTML5

HTML5 is a language for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web, a core technology of the Internet. It is the latest revision of the HTML standard (originally created in 1990 and most recently standardized as HTML4 in 1997) and currently remains under development. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but XHTML1 and DOM2HTML (particularly JavaScript) as well.

Following its immediate predecessors HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1, HTML5 is a response to the observation that the HTML and XHTML in common use on the World Wide Web is a mixture of features introduced by various specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as web browsers, those established by common practice, and the many syntax errors in existing web documents. It is also an attempt to define a single markup language that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves and rationalises the markup available for documents, and introduces markup and APIs for complex web applications.

In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactical features. These include the <video>, <audio>, and <canvas> elements, as well as the integration of SVG content. These features are designed to make it easy to include and handle multimedia and graphical content on the web without having to resort to proprietary plugins and APIs. Other new elements, such as <section>, <article>, <header>, and <nav>, are designed to enrich the semantic content of documents. New attributes have been introduced for the same purpose, while some elements and attributes have been removed. Some elements, such as <a>, <cite> and <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardised. The APIs and DOM are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification. HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid documents, so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all conforming browsers and other user agents.

HTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTTPS

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – Secure

Hue

Attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to be similar to one of the perceived colors, red, yellow, green, and blue, or to a combination of two of them

I

IBO

input back off

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

ICMPv6

See Internet Control Message Protocol version 6

ICP

interaction channel provider

ICSP

interactive content service provider

ID

identification

IDL

Interface Definition Language

IDR

intermediate data rate

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IESS

Intelsat Earth Station Standard

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IF-band (70/140MHz)

A frequency band with two frequencies: 70MHz and 140MHz. Usually used by satellite studios to uplink to a satellite transmission system

Impedance

A measurement of opposition to electrical current exhibited by a circuit or device, taking into account resistance and AC reactance

Intercom

A system of internal audio communication within a building or corporation over a number of well-defined standards such as RTS-Telex and ClearCom

Interlaced Video

Interlaced Video is the standard used in High Definition and Standard Definition video for broadcast television and operates on the basis of scanning on an alternating line basis. In other words, the pixels are electronically activated on a horizontal basis from left to right, then the pixel scan skips a line and then starts it's scan on the line from left to right until the alternating lines end at the bottom. Then the scan begins on the even numbered lines and continues to the end. This interlacing process allows the picture to be less fluttering.

Interlace Video is preferred by broadcasters while Progressive Scan video is preferred by computer programmers and many visual effects facilities.

Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate of a video signal without consuming extra bandwidth. Since the interlaced signal contains the two fields of a video frame shot at two different times, it enhances motion perception to the viewer and reduces flicker by taking advantage of the persistence of vision effect. This results in an effective doubling of time resolution (also called temporal resolution) as compared with non-interlaced footage (for frame rates equal to field rates). Interlaced signals require a display that is natively capable of showing the individual fields in a sequential order. Only ALiS plasma panels and traditional CRT-based TV sets are capable of displaying interlaced signals, due to the electronic scanning and lack of apparent fixed-resolution.

Interlaced scan refers to one of two common methods for "painting" a video image on an electronic display screen (the other being progressive scan) by scanning or displaying each line or row of pixels. This technique uses two fields to create a frame. One field contains all the odd lines in the image, the other contains all the even lines of the image. A PAL-based television display, for example, scans 50 fields every second (25 odd and 25 even). The two sets of 25 fields work together to create a full frame every 1/25th of a second, resulting in a display of 25 frames per second, but with a new half frame every 1/50th of a second.

To display interlaced video on progressive scan displays, deinterlacing is applied to the video signal.

Despite arguments against it, interlacing continues to be supported by the television standards organizations. It is still included in digital video transmission formats such as DV, DVB, and ATSC. Some video compression standards in development, like High Efficiency Video Coding, target high-definition progressive video and do not support interlaced formats.

Interline-Twitter

Sample Text

Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6)

Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and performs error reporting, diagnostic functions (e.g., ping), and a framework for extensions to implement future changes.

Several extensions have been published, defining new ICMPv6 message types as well as new options for existing ICMPv6 message types. Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a node discovery protocol in IPv6 which replaces and enhances functions of ARP. Secure Neighbor Discovery Protocol (SEND) is an extension of NDP with extra security. Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) allows discovery of multicast routers

Internet Protocol Suite

Sample Text

Internetwork

Sample Text

Intranet

An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration. Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer protocol). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data.

An intranet can be understood as a private analog of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear in organizations in 1996-1997. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became common-place among early adopters, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992.[dubious – discuss]

Intranets have also contrasted with extranets. While intranets are generally restricted to employees of the organization, extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties.^[1] Extranets extend a private network onto the Internet with special provisions for authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA protocol).

Intranets may provide a gateway to the Internet by means of a network gateway with a firewall, shielding the intranet from unauthorized external access. The gateway often also implements user authentication, encryption of messages, and often virtual private network (VPN) connectivity for off-site employees to access company information, computing resources and internal communication.

I/O

input/output

IOR

interoperable object reference

IP (Internet Protocol)

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation.

Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, the other being the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet Protocol Suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of IP, now referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is in active, growing deployment worldwide.

IPG

interactive program guide

IPGRMBnk

IP datagram buffer for kth IP multicast address in the nth program element

IPM

IP multicast

IPsec

IP security

IPTV

Internet Protocol television

IPv4

Currently the most common IP protocol, however, the number of available IPv4 IP addresses is quickly running out and the world will be forced to switch to the IPv6 protocol which adds billions of additional IP addresses.

IPv6

All devices that must communicate within an Intranet or Extrnet

IPX

internetwork packet exchange

IRD

integrated receiver/decoder (sometimes termed receiver/descrambler, but not in these systems. ATSC content is always in the "clear").

IRE units

A linear scale in arbitrary units developed by the Institute of Radio Engineers for measuring, the relative amplitudes of the various components of a television signal. Reference white is assigned a value of 100, blanking a value of 0. One IRE unit corresponds to 7 1/7 mv in CCIR System M/NTSC and to 7.0 mv in all other systems

ISAN

International Standard Audiovisual Number

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

ISI

intersymbol interference

ISO

International Organization for Standardization. The ISO and its affiliated International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) are the two major global standards-making groups

ISP

Internet service provider

ITU

The United Nations regulatory body governing all forms of communications. ITU-R (previously CCIR) regulates the radio frequency spectrum, while ITU-T (previously CCITT) deals with the telecommunications standards

ITV

interactive television

IV

initialization vector

J

JDK

Java Development Kit

JEC

Joint Engineering Committee (of EIA and NCTA)

Jitter

The variation in timing and/or displacement upon transmission or arrival of digital signal. High Jitter can severely degrade the performance of an otherwise ideal system by introducing unwanted noise at the receiver

JMF

Java Media Framework

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group. An international standards group functioning under ISO and IEC, developing international standards for image compression algorithms for continuous-tone still color pictures.. A popular Internet compression format for color images.

Judder

A temporal artifact associated with moving images when the image is sampled at one frame rate and converted to a different frame rate for display. As a result, motion vectors in the display may appear to represent discontinuously varying velocities

K

Kbps

1,000 bits per second

Key channel

See Alpha channel

Keyer

A device which inserts data into the video bit stream based upon a supplied key signal. The data can be video/audio overlay, or broadcast data

KeyKode

A system of latent edge numbers developed by Eastman Kodak. A similar system known as MR Code is used by Fuji Film. These human readable and machine readable (barcode) numbers are located on the edge of motion picture film stock and are used to number film frames during post production. Tracking these KeyKode numbers accurately is essential for successful post production of film originated material

L

L-band

A frequency band ranging from 950MHz-2150MHz and used mainly in satellite signal transmission over fiber. Multiple sub-carriers within this spectrum carry many video channels to satellite recievers where single channels can be selected

LAN (Local Area Network)

A Local Area Network is most commonly Ethernet based and uses IP Protocols, most commonly IPv4, but the available IP addresses based on the IPv4 protocol are running out and the world is slowly shifting to IPv6. Every device that communicates between Intranet or Extranet devices requires an IP address to communicate between them. Now with the

langcod

language code

langcod2

language code, ch2

langcod2e

language code exists, ch2

langcode

language code exists

LASeR

lightweight application scene representation

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

LCT

layered coding transport

LED

Light Emitting Diode, an electronic component that emits light when a predetermined voltage is applied. These devices have a polarity, so when connected incorrectly no light will be emitted. Some LEDS are designed so when the reverse polarity is applied, then a different color is emitted.

Letterbox

Letterbox describes a video frame that the image fails to fill vertically, requiring bars without picture information at the top and/or the bottom of the image

lfe

low frequency effects

lfeexps

lfe exponents

lfeexpstr

lfe exponent strategy

lfegaincod

lfe fast gain code

lfefsnroffst

lfe fine SNR offset

lfemant

lfe mantissas

lfeon

lfe on

Linear Key

Sample Text

Link Local

A link-local address is an IP address that is intended only for communications within the local subnetwork. Routers do not forward packets with link-local addresses.

Link-local addresses are assigned using stateless address autoconfiguration procedures for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6. On IPv4, link-local address may be used when no external, stateful mechanism of address configuration, such as the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), exists or another primary configuration method has failed. On IPv6, link-local addresses are required for the internal functioning of various protocol components.

Link-local addresses for IPv4 are defined in the address block 169.254.0.0/16. In IPv6, they are allocated with the fe80::/10 prefix.

LKFS

equipment that implements the algorithm specified by ITU-R BS.1770; a unit of LKFS is equivalent to a decibel

LLC-SNAP

Logical Link Control - Sub Network Access Protocol

LMS

least mean squares

LNA

low-noise amplifier

LNB

low-noise block downconverter

Logo Inserter

A specific type of keyer which inserts static or animated images or "bugs" into a video bit stream overlaying the image

LOS

line of sight

LQ

link quality

LSB

least significant byte

LTC

Linear Time Code or Longitudinal Time Code. This time and address control signal standardized by SMPTE 12M-1 has been in widespread use in the professional video and audio industries since 1975. It is typically written on a time code or address track of a video recorder and provides an individual frame number for each video frame recorded. LTC is also commonly used to distribute time of day information to wall clocks, automation systems and other devices throughout a television facility. In regions of the world using the NTSC or similar non-integer (1/1.001) frame rates, LTC locked to the video frame rate does not maintain accurate time and must be corrected regularly when it is used convey time of day information. (See also Drop Frame and VITC)

LTKM

long-term key message

LTST

long term service table

Luminance Key

Luminance Key is a video key that is based on the brightness of the video object being keyed over a background image. The two major keys used today are luminance and linear key

M

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

MAC

media access control

Mantissas

Sample Text

Matrix

A color matrix, or series of color matrices, massages the raw camera sensor color data into a form that looks correct on a specific viewing device, and allows some customization of how the camera responds to color at a very deep level.

Matrix Time Code

See AatonCode

Mbps

1,000,000 bits per second

MCPC

multiple channels per carrier

MD

maximum delay

MD5

message digest 5

MER

modulation error ratio

MGT

master guide table

M/H

mobile/pedestrian/handheld

MHE

M/H encapsulation

MHz

megahertz 1,000,000 cycles per second (10⁶ cycles per second)

Milli-Watt

Sample Text

MIME

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

MIP

minimal implementation profile

mixlevel

mixing level

mixlevel2

mixing level, channel 2

MMI

man-machine interface

MNG

multiple network graphics

Modulation

In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted. This is done in a similar fashion to a musician modulating a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The purpose of modulation is usually to enable the carrier signal to transport the information in the modulation signal to some destination. At the destination, a process of demodulation extracts the modulation signal from the modulated carrier. The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its frequency ("pitch"). Any of these properties can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also be used.

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically transmitted. Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a baseband message signal into a passband signal, for example low-frequency audio signal into a radio-frequency signal (RF signal). In radio communications, cable TV systems or the public switched telephone network for instance, electrical signals can only be transferred over a limited passband frequency spectrum, with specific (non-zero) lower and upper cutoff frequencies. Modulating a sine-wave carrier makes it possible to keep the frequency content of the transferred signal as close as possible to the centre frequency (typically the carrier frequency) of the passband.

A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator (sometimes detector or demod). A device that can do both operations is a modem (modulator–demodulator).

Moray

Sample Text

.mov
Apple's popular File extension used with Quicktime.

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)

Sample Text

MP@HL

Main Profile at High Level

MP@ML

Main Profile at Main Level

MPAA

Motion Picture Association of America

MPE

multi-protocol encapsulation

MPE

multi-protocol encapsulation

MPEG-4

Also known as H.264

MR Code

A system of latent edge numbers used by Fuji Film. A similar system known as KeyKode is used by Kodak Film. These human readable and machine readable (barcode) numbers are located on the edge of motion picture film stock and are used to number film frames during post production. Tracking these MR Code numbers accurately is essential for successful post production of film originated material

MRD

MPEG-2 registration descriptor

MS

media stream

MSB

most significant bit

MSK

minimum shift keying

MSS

mobile satellite service

mstrcplco

master coupling coordinate

MTU

maximum transmission unit

Multi-Matrix

The multi matrix. This allows the user to select a swath of color and affect it exclusively. This is handy if you need to make a product a very specific shade of color that the camera doesn’t automatically reproduce accurately. This is the simplest matrix and allows the user to grab a “pie slice” of the vectorscope and drag it one way or another.

Multiplexing

Sample Text

Mux

An abbreviation of 'multiplexing' which is a method of joining of two or more data streams for co-transmission over the same hardware. When used as a noun it describes the device that does the multiplexing. This term is often used synonymously with Embedding when used to describe the process of inserting AES audio into a serial digital video signal

Multiviewer

Sample Text

MVP®

The product name for Evertz premier Monitoring and Multi-Image Video Processor System

MVPD

multichannel video programming distributor

MWCS

Miscellaneous Wireless Communications Services

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

N

number of columns in RS Frame payload

nauxbits

number of auxiliary bits

nbomsbf

network byte order, most significant bit first

nchans

number of channels

nchgrps

number of fbw channel exponent groups

nchmant

number of fbw channel mantissas

ncplbnd

number of structured coupled bands

ncplgrps

number of coupled exponent groups

ncplmant

number of coupled mantissas

ncplsubnd

number of coupling sub-bands

Network Nodes

In communication networks, a node (Latin nodus, ‘knot’) is a connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint (some terminal equipment). The definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to. A physical network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel. A passive distribution point such as a distribution frame or patch panel is consequently not a node.

Network Protocol

A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. A protocol may have a formal description.

Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities.

A protocol definition defines the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication; the specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. A protocol can therefore be implemented as hardware or software or both.

nfcans

number of fbw channels

NIC

network interface card

nlfegrps

number of lfe channel exponent groups

nlfemant

number of lfe channel mantissas

NoG

number of M/H groups per M/H subframe

NRSS

National Renewable Security Standard

NRT

network resources table

NSAP

network service access point

NTP

The public domain software package called NTP (Network Time Protocol) is an implementation of the TCP/IP network protocol with the same name. NTP is now widely used around the world to achieve high accuracy time synchronization for computers across a network. The protocol supports an accuracy of time down to nanoseconds however; the real accuracy that can be achieved also depends on the operating system and the network performance

NTSC

National Television Standards Committee. An analog video format with 525 lines per frame, used as the broadcast standard for United States, Canada, Japan and several other countries

NVOD

near video on demand

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

OBO

output back off

OCSP

On-Line Certificate Status Protocol

OCT

octal notation

OD

offset delay

OHB Matrix

The OHB matrix. This adjusts for color differences between this camera’s optical head block and any other F900’s optical head block. At a very basic level the OHB matrix strives to make all F900 cameras look the same in spite of subtle differences in their prisms and pick up elements.

OMA

Open Mobile Alliance

OMA-BCAST

Open Mobile Alliance Broadcast

OMP

operations and maintenance packet

OOB

out of band

OOBE

out of band emissions (spurious signals)

OQPSK

offset quadrature phase shift keying

ORB

object request broker

origbs

original bit stream

OSD

On Screen Display. A system where important information such as graphs and warnings overwrite a visual display

OSI

Open System Interconnection

OUI

organization unique identifier

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

P

puncturing

P

number of RS parity bytes per RS frame column

PA

procedural application

PAE

Procedural Application Environment

PAL

Phase Alteration Line. An analog video format with 625 lines per frame, used as the standard for most European broadcasters, and other parts of the world outside North America and Japan

Pan-Scan

Pan-Scan information is a set of data that is intended to guide professional video equipment in extracting an image to be presented in an aspect ratio that is different from that in which the material was produced or distributed. Independent parameters are provided for pan (horizontal displacement), tilt (vertical displacement), vertical size, horizontal size and output aspect ratio. Pan-Scan information is not intended for use beyond the production and distribution environments. AFD and Bar Data are described in a forthcoming SMPTE standard

Packet-Switched Network

A packet-switched network is a digital communications network that groups all transmitted data, irrespective of content, type, or structure into suitably sized blocks, called packets. The network over which packets are transmitted is a shared network which routes each packet independently from all others and allocates transmission resources as needed.

The principal goals of packet switching are to optimize utilization of available link capacity, minimize response times and increase the robustness of communication. When traversing network adapters, switches and other network nodes, packets are buffered and queued, resulting in variable delay and throughput, depending on the traffic load in the network.

The history of such networks can be divided into three eras: early networks before the introduction of X.25 and the OSI model, the X.25 era when many postal, telephone and telegraph (PTT) companies introduced networks with X.25 interfaces, and the Internet era when restrictions on connection to the Internet were removed.

PAT

program association table

PAT-E

A table with the same syntax as Program Association Table as defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 transmitted using an enhanced VSB mode defined in A/53- Part 2.

PCCC

parallel concatenated convolutional code

PCR

program clock reference

PCS

personal communications services

PCM

pulse code modulation

PDU

protocol data unit

PEK

program encryption key

pel

pixel

PES

packetized elementary stream

Phase

Phase is a cycle such as a sine-wave compared to another cycle, and may be expressed as in phase or out of phase depending on how the measured cycle relates to other cycles being evaluated.

Phase-Shift Keying

Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).

Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of the received signal to a reference signal — such a system is termed coherent (and referred to as CPSK).

Alternatively, instead of using the bit patterns to set the phase of the wave, it can instead be used to change it by a specified amount. The demodulator then determines the changes in the phase of the received signal rather than the phase itself. Since this scheme depends on the difference between successive phases, it is termed differential phase-shift keying (DPSK). DPSK can be significantly simpler to implement than ordinary PSK since there is no need for the demodulator to have a copy of the reference signal to determine the exact phase of the received signal (it is a non-coherent scheme). In exchange, it produces more erroneous demodulations. The exact requirements of the particular scenario under consideration determine which scheme is used.

phsflg

phase flag

phsflginu

phase flags in use

PID

packet identifier

Pillarbox

Pillarbox describes a frame that the image fails to fill horizontally, requiring bars without picture information at the left and/or right sides of the image. The term "sidebar" and "pillarbar" are sometimes used to pillarbox in a 16:9 display area

Pixel

The smallest distinguishable and resolvable area in a video image. A single point on the screen. In digital video, a single sample of the picture. Derived from the words picture element

PIRD

professional integrated receiver/decoder (see IRD)

PKI

public key infrastructure

PL

RS frame portion length

Plasma

Sample Text

PMT

program map table

PMT-E

A table with the same syntax as Program Map Table as defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 transmitted using an enhanced VSB mode defined in A/53 Part 2.

PMT-E_PID

A PID that identifies the Transport Stream packets that carry TS_program_map_section()s in a TS-E.

PNG

Portable Network Graphics

POA

program off sir (see A/78)

POD

point of deployment

POTS

plain old telephone service

ppm

parts per million

PRBS

pseudo random binary sequence

PRC

parade repetition cycle

Preset Matrix

The preset matrix. This is how you specify a color space for viewing. If you’re shooting for broadcast you may set this to ITU (Rec) 709 to make sure that all the colors you capture are “legal” and look correct on a standard HD monitor.

Progressive Scan

Progressive scan is most associated with computer operations and is different than Interlaced Video Production. In Progressive Scan, Every line of Pixels are scanned sequentiually and the data is then recorded as data, depending on the camera and it's recording device.

PS

parametric stereo

PsF

Progressive segmented Frame (PsF, sF, SF) is a scheme designed to acquire, store, modify, and distribute progressive-scan video using interlaced equipment and media. This standard was adopted by Sony to allow them to use existing media recording technology to enter the new High Definition Television acquisition and editing market using existing tape transport systems with new compression algorithms.

With PsF, a progressive frame is divided into two segments, with the odd lines in one segment and the even lines in the other segment. Technically, the segments are equivalent to interlaced fields, but unlike native interlaced video, there is no motion between the two fields that make up the video frame: both fields represent the same instant in time. This technique allows for a progressive picture to be processed through the same electronic circuitry that is used to store, process and route interlaced video.

The PsF technique is similar to 2:2 pulldown, which is widely used in 50 Hz television systems to broadcast progressive material recorded at 25 frame/s, but is rarely used in 60 Hz systems. The 2:2 pulldown scheme had originally been designed for interlaced displays, so fine vertical details are usually filtered out to minimize interline twitter. PsF has been designed for transporting progressive content and therefore does not employ such filtering.

The term progressive segmented frame is used predominantly in relation to high definition video. In the world of standard definition video, which traditionally have been using interlaced scanning, it is also known as quasi-interlaceor progressive recording

PSI

program specific information

PSIP

Program and System Information Protocol; a collection of tables describing virtual channel attributes, event features, and other information.

PSK

See Phase Shift Keying

PTC

physical transmission channel

PTS

presentation time stamp

PU

presentation unit

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

QEF

quasi-error-free

QPSK

quadrature phase shift keying

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) (

/ˈkwɑːm/ or /ˈkæm/ or simply "Q-A-M") is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90 ° and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadrature components — hence the name of the scheme. The modulated waves are summed, and the resulting waveform is a combination of both phase-shift keying (PSK) and amplitude-shift keying (ASK), or (in the analog case) of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation. In the digital QAM case, a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used. PSK modulators are often designed using the QAM principle, but are not considered as QAM since the amplitude of the modulated carrier signal is constant. QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication systems. Spectral efficiencies of 6 bits/s/Hz can be achieved with QAM.

QUAM

See quadrature amplitude modulation

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

R

the number of FIC chunks per M/H frame

rbnd

rematrix band in index [rbnd]

RCE

runtime code extension

RCL

receive carrier level

RCU

remote control unit

Reclocking

A method for signal regeneration and jitter reduction involving clock and data recovery

rematflg

rematrix flag

rematstr

rematrixing strategy

Resolution

The number of bits (four, eight, ten, etc.) determines the resolution of the signal. Eight bits is the minimum resolution for broadcast television signals.
- 4 bits = a resolution of 1 in 16
- 8 bits = a resolution of 1 in 256
- 10 bits = a resolution of 1 in 1024

RF

Radio Frequency

RFC

request for comment

RFI

request for information

RGB

The three primary colour signals: red, green, and blue (RGB) that together convey all necessary picture information. In normal high definition digital video, these three primary components are scaled such that the extreme values are code words 040h (64) and 3ACh (940) in a 10-bit representation. See also FSRGB

RI

rights issuer

riuimsbf

repeated, inverted, unsigned integer, most significant bit first

riuimsbfwp

repeated, inverted, unsigned integer, most significant bit first, with parity

.rm
Most common file extension used with RealMedia files.

RME

rich media environment

RO

right object

ROM

read-only memory

roomtyp

room type

roomtyp2

room type, ch2

ROT

root of trust

Router

A multi-input, multi-output device that allows for quick switching from one video, audio, data, or fiber optic input to another without recabling. These devices are specific in terms of the nature of the input, as most can only handle a single type of signal. As an example, an HD-SDI router cannot accommodate analog signals, although it can handle an SDI signal and usually multiple formats of HD-SDI signals. Biut that same HD-SDI router cannot handle data or audio signals, except AES in most routers. In other words a digital router can handle multiple format digital signals, but an analog router cannot.

RP

recommended practice

rpchof

remainder polynomial coefficients, highest order first

RRT

rating region table

RRT-MH

rating region table for ATSC-M/H

RS

Reed-Solomon

RSA

Rivest, Shamir, Aldeman

RTP

real-time transport protocol

RTT

ratings text table

RU

Rack Unit. A standard unit of measurement equivalent to 1.75 inches or 45 mm, used for audio-visual equipment racks

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

S

number of padding bytes

SAP

session announcement protocol

SAP

secondary audio program

SAV

Abbreviation for "Start of Active Video". A digital synchronization sequence consisting of a sequence of four consecutive code words (a code word of all ones, a code word of all zeros, another code word of all zeros, and a code word including F (field/frame), V (vertical), H (horizontal), P3, P2, P1, and P0 (parity) bits.) which is used to designate the end of the horizontal blanking interval. The pixel immediately following the SAV is known as pixel 0 and designates the first pixel of the specific line of the digital image. See also EAV

SBn

smoothing buffer

sbnd

sub-band in index [sbnd]

SBR

spectral band replication

Scan Converter

Sample Text

SCB1...SCB10

SCCC (serial concatenated convolutional coding) blocks number 1 through number 10

SCCC

serial concatenated convolutional code

SCM

single carrier modulation

SCPC

single channel per carrier

SCR

system clock reference

SCTE

Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers

SCTP

See Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SD

standard definition

sdcycod

slow decay code

SDF

service description framework

SDI

Serial Digital Interface. A bit-serial digital interface for SDTV component signals operating at data rates ranging from 19.4Mb/s up to 540Mb/s. The SDI interface is standardized in SMPTE 259M, SMPTE 310M and can be carried over coaxial and fiber optic cables

SD-SDI

Sample Text

SDO

standards development organization

SDP

session description protocol

SDT

service description table

SDTI

Serial Data Transport Interface is a way of transmitting data packets over a Serial Digital Interface datastream. This means that standard SDI infrastructure can be used. Developed to address the needs of the growing number of compressed video standards (DV, DVCPRO, BetaSX, MPEG2) it allows lossless transfer of data to other devices which have the same codec, for example DV to DV or SX to SX. Using a standard SDI transport, the extra data is placed within normal active video, between Start of Active Video (SAV), and End of Active Video (EAV). This gives 1440 10bit words of data at 270Mb/s (1920 words in the 8bit 360Mb/s standard). If an SDTI stream is viewed using a standard SDI device, then the raw data can be seen as a small strip along the left hand side (usually in purple). The DVCAM SDTI has video data at the top, control data in the middle (Timecode, etc) and audio at the bottom just like it is organised on the tape. Because SDTI is used for compressed data the area used is less than a full screen; this allows for faster than realtime transfers. SDTI is standardized as SMPTE 305M. A 1.5 GBit/s version, using the high definition serial digital interface, is standardized as SMTPE 348M

SDTV

standard definition television

Secam

SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire,French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France. A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Française de Télévision (later bought by Thomson, now Technicolor) invented SECAM. It is, historically, the first European color television standard.

Secure Shell

Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two networked devices. The two major versions of the protocol are referred to as SSH1 or SSH-1 and SSH2 or SSH-2. Used primarily on Linux and Unix based systems to access shell accounts, SSH was designed as a replacement for Telnet and other insecure remote shells, which send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, rendering them susceptible to packet analysis. The encryption used by SSH is intended to provide confidentiality and integrity of data over an unsecured network, such as the Internet.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

See Transport Layer Security

SEK

service encryption key

seg

segment in index [seg]

Serial Digital (SDI)

Serial Digital Interface is a standardized interface for transmitting digital television signals using a coaxial cable in serial form. Often used informally to refer to the 4:2:2 sampled standard definition serial digital television signals as specified in SMPTE 259M.

sF

Acronym for segmented frame which is a method of transporting progressive HDTV images over an HD-SDI interface. The picture is progressively scanned, however it is divided into two segments, containing the odd and even lines. The segments are then sent out the serial digital interface in the same way that the fields of an interlaced video signal are. This format is often used at nominal frame rates of 24, 25 or 30 frames per second

SFN

single frequency network

sgaincod

slow gain code

SG

(electronic) service guide

SGN

starting group number

SHA-1

Secure Hash Standard 1

SI

system information

SI

service information

SIBL

SCCC input block length in bytes

Signal to Noise Ratio

Sample Text

signed int

signed integer

simsbf

signed integer, most significant bit first

skipfld

skip field

skipl

skip length

skiple

skip length exists

SLD

service location descriptor

slev

surround mixing level coefficient

SLT-M/H

service labeling table for ATSC-M/H

SMPTE

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. SMPTE is a professional organization that recommends standards for the film and television industries. Evertz is a sustaining member of this engineering organization

SMR

specialized mobile radio

SMT-M/H

service map table for ATSC-M/H

S/N

See signal to noise ratio

SNG

Satellite news gathering. Essentially the same as Electronic News Gathering, except the truck used to link to the control room and studio uses a Satellite uplink instead of microwave

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol. SNMP is a standard computer network protocol that enables different devices sharing the same network to communicate with each other

SNR

See Signal to Noise Ratio

snroffste

SNR offset exists

SOBL

SCCC output block length in bytes

SoftSwitch™

The name for Evertz patent pending method of providing 'popless' audio transitions from one audio source to another

SP

synchronization packet

SPL

sound pressure level in decibels referenced to 20 µN/m2

SRM

system renewability message

SRTP

Secure Real Time Protocol

SSH

See Secure Shell

SSL

See Transport Layer Security

Standard Definition

See Standard Definition Television, 525 lines for NTSC and 625 lines for PAL

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to a routed IPv6 network using Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) router discovery messages. When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters; if configured suitably, routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains network-layer configuration parameters.

If IPv6 stateless address autoconfiguration is unsuitable for an application, a network may use stateful configuration with the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6) or hosts may be configured statically.

Routers present a special case of requirements for address configuration, as they often are sources for autoconfiguration information, such as router and prefix advertisements. Stateless configuration for routers can be achieved with a special router renumbering protocol.

STB

set-top box

STC

system time clock

STD

system target decoder

STKM

short-term key message

STL

studio-to-transmitter link

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Sample Text

STS

synchronization time stamp

STT

system time table

STT-M/H

system time table for ATSC-M/

surmixlev

surround mix level

Surround Sound

Sample Text

SVC

Scalable Video Coding (Annex G of ITU-T rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10)

SVG

Scalable Vector Graphics

S-Video

Super-video or Component video. A format in which a video signal is split into a Luminance (brightness) component and a Chrominance (color) component

syncframe

synchronization frame

syncinfo

synchronization information

syncword

synchronization word

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

TAD

transmitter and antenna delay

TBD

To Be Determined

TBn

transport buffer for data elementary stream n

TBSn

transport buffer size for data elementary stream n

tcimsbf

two’s complement integer, most significant bit first

TCM

trellis coded modulation

TCP

See Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TDAC

time division aliasing cancellation

TDES

triple DES

TDM

time division multiplex

TEK

taffic encryption key

Test Pattern

Sample

Telecine

A device that transfers motion picture film to video. This sometimes involves changing the frame rate by inserting a 3:2 pulldown

THX

Sample Text

timecod1

time code first half

timecod1e

time code first half exists

timecod2

time code second half

timecod2e

time code second half exists

Time Code or Timecode

See Linear Time Code and Vertical interval Time Code

TLS

See Transport Layer Security

TNC

technically non-conformant (see A/78)

TNoG

total number of M/H groups including all the M/H groups belonging to all M/H parades in one M/H subframe

TOA

transport-stream off-air (see A/78)

TOV

threshold of visibility

TPC

transmission parameter channel

TPO

transmitter power output

Transmission Control Protocal (TCP)

Sample Text

TRS

Timing reference signals used in composite digital systems. It is four words long.

TRS-ID

Abbreviation for "Timing Reference Signal Identification". A reference signal used to maintain timing in composite digital systems. It is four words long.

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections above the Transport Layer, using symmetric cryptography for privacy and a keyed message authentication code for message reliability.

Several versions of the protocols are in widespread use in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).

TLS is an IETF standards track protocol, last updated in RFC 5246 and is based on the earlier SSL specifications developed by Netscape Corporation.

Tri-level Sync

An HDTV synchronization signal

TS

transport stream

TS-M

The portion of TS-R that contains only all Transport Stream packets transmitted by the main mode (see A/53- Part 2.

TS-R

The recombined Transport Stream containing all Transport Stream packets delivered by all transmission modes (main, one-half rate and one-quarter rate) (see A/53- Part 2.

TS-E

The portion of TS-R that contains only all Transport Stream packets transmitted by one-half rate and/or one-quarter rate modes (see A/53- Part 2).

TS-Ea

The portion of TS-E that contains only all Transport Stream packets transmitted by one-half rate mode (see A/53- Part 2).

TS-Eb

The portion of TS-E that contains only all Transport Stream packets transmitted by one-quarter rate mode (see A/53- Part 2)

TSDT

transport stream descriptor table

TSFS

transport stream file system

TSI

transport session identifier

TSID

transport stream identifier (digital) or transmission signal identifier (analog)

TTL

time to live

TV

Television

TV BAS

Television Broadcast Auxiliary Service rules (Part 74, subpart f, of the FCC Rules)

TVCT

terrestrial virtual channel table

TVPG

television parental guidelines

TWTA

traveling wave tube amplifier

TxID

transmitter identification signal

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

UDP

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.

UDP uses a simple transmission model without implicit handshaking dialogues for providing reliability, ordering, or data integrity. Thus, UDP provides an unreliable service and datagrams may arrive out of order, appear duplicated, or go missing without notice. UDP assumes that error checking and correction is either not necessary or performed in the application, avoiding the overhead of such processing at the network interface level. Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for delayed packets, which may not be an option in a real-time system. If error correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an application may use the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) which are designed for this purpose.

UDP's stateless nature is also useful for servers answering small queries from huge numbers of clients. Unlike TCP, UDP is compatible with packet broadcast (sending to all on local network) and multicasting (send to all subscribers).^[2]

Common network applications that use UDP include: the Domain Name System (DNS), streaming media applications such as IPTV, Voice over IP (VoIP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and many online games.

UDPnkji

UDP buffer for port I, fragment identifier j, IP multicast address k, in program element n

uilsBf

unsigned integer least significant byte first

uilsWBf

unsigned integer least significant word and byte first

uimsbf

unsigned integer, most significant bit first

uipfmsbf

unsigned integer plus fraction, most significant bit first

UMID

universal material identifier

U-N

user to network

Unbalanced Audio

A method of transmitting audio over normal video coaxial cabling with 75Ω impedance or using a 2 conductor audio cable.

unicode

Sample

Upconverter

A converter which takes an SDI signal and recodes it as an HD-SDI signal

URI

uniform resource identifier

URL

uniform resource locator

User bits

32 bits in the time code are user assignable. They typically are used to contain date, reel numbers, scene and take numbers, or other user-oriented data

User Matrix: The user matrix. This is where you can customize how the camera responds to color in a manner that you choose. Adjusting this is not for the faint of heart, as channel mixing requires a interesting blend of technical know-how, experience and voodoo.

UTC: Coordinated Universal Time

U-U: user-to-user

UUID

universal unique identifier

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

VANC

Vertical Ancillary Data. Acronym for ancillary data packets carried in the active part of the lines which are during the vertical blanking interval of a digital television signal. May also refer to the data space located in the vertical blanking interval where these packets are carried. Ancillary data packets contain metadata associated with the video or audio of a television bitstream. See also HANC

VBI

vertical blanking interval

VBS

vestigial sideband or Vertical Blanking Signal

VBV: video buffering verifier

V-Chip

Program rating information encoded onto a broadcast video signal as an XDS packet in a Line 21 closed caption system. Television sets with V-Chip decoders will disallow viewing of programs if the rating is too high

VC

Virtual channel

VCT

Virtual channel table

Vectorscope

In video applications, a vectorscope supplements a waveform monitor for the purpose of measuring and testing television signals, regardless of format (NTSC, PAL, SECAM or any number of digital television standards). While a waveform monitor allows a broadcast technician to measure the overall characteristics of a video signal, a vectorscope is used to visualize chrominance, which is encoded into the video signal as a subcarrier of specific frequency. The vectorscope locks exclusively to the chrominance subcarrier in the video signal (at 3.58 MHz for NTSC, or at 4.43 MHz for PAL) to drive its display. In digital applications, a vectorscope instead plots the Cb and Cr channels against each other (these are the two channels in digital formats which contain chroma information).

Vestigial Sideband Modulation

Sample Text

VIP

The product name for Evertz Video-Image Processor modules. These modules take multiple video inputs and combined them into one composite display while monitoring the video and audio inputs and reporting anomalies to the operator using the VistaLINK® system

VistaLINK®

Vista Link is a proprietary Monitoring and control software developed by Evertz

VITC

Vertical Interval Time Code. This time and address control signal standardised by SMPTE 12M-1 is encoded on one or more lines in the vertical interval of standard definition television signals

VGA

Video Graphics Array. A computer video adapter which can display 16 colours at a resolution of 640x480 or 256 colours at 320x200

V-ISAN

Version of an International Standard Audiovisual Number

VLPRO

Abbreviation for VistaLINK® PRO The name for Evertz Monitoring and control software used to control and monitor many of the 7700 series and 500 series modules. May also be referred to a VistaLINK®. VistaLINK® is Evertz's remote monitoring and control capability over an Ethernet network using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Sample Text

VoIP

See Voice Over Internet Protocol

Voltage

Sample Text

VSB

A vestigial sideband (in radio communication) is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in analog video formats) use this method if the video is transmitted in AM, due to the large bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the ATSC standardized 8-VSB. The Milgo 4400/48 modem (circa 1967) used vestigial sideband and phase-shift keying to provide 4800-bit/s transmission over a 1600 Hz channel.

VU

VU stands for Volume Unit, which is used in a metering device to monitor audio levels being sent to or from a device to determine the input or output audio level.

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

W3C

World Wide Web Consortium

WAN

Wide Area Network

Watt

The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion. Wattage of a piece of equipment must be carefully observed and never exceed the maximum rating of one or more devices on a single cicruit.

Waveform

Sample Text

Waveform Monitor

A waveform monitor is an oscilloscope used in television production applications. It is used to measure and display the level, or voltage, of a video signal with respect to time.

The level of a video signal usually corresponds to the brightness, or luminance, of the part of the image being drawn onto a regular video screen at the same point in time. A waveform monitor can be used to display the overall brightness of a television picture, or it can zoom in to show one or two individual lines of the video signal. It can also be used to visualize and observe special signals in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal, as well as the colorburst between each line of video.

WM

Watermark

Word Clock

An acknowledgement and transmission signal which enables a receiving system to adjust it's timing for incoming digital audio packets

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

XDML

Extensible DTV Markup Language

XDS

Extended Data Service. XDS involves a system of data packets sent with the broadcast which can deliver: program rating information such as age-appropriateness, the current time, or local weather reports

XML

See Extensible Markup Language

XHTML

XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely-used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written.

While HTML (prior to HTML5) was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because XHTML documents need to be well-formed, they can be parsed using standard XML parsers—unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser.

XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. XHTML5 is undergoing development as of September 2009, as part of the HTML5 specification.

XHTML5

XHTML5 is the XML serialization of HTML5. XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml. XHTML5 requires XML’s strict, well-formed syntax. The choice between HTML5 and XHTML5 boils down to the choice of a MIME/content type: the media type you choose determines what type of document should be used. In XHTML5 the HTML5 doctype html is optional and may simply be omitted. HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML and XHTML specifications — and which will therefore produce the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML — is termed "polyglot markup".

XOR

Exclusive OR function

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

YP_rP_b

A compressed bandwidth RGB signal. The video luminance (Y) is transmitted only once instead of once with each RGB channel, requiring more processing power at the receiving end, but reducing transfer rates by a third

Z
# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Flash Drive

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P2

Sample Text

OB

Outside Broadcast. A term commonly used in Europe to express mobile units

JPEG

Sample Text

Flash Memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in (smaller) blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written and/or read independently.

The NAND type is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, solid-state drives, and similar products, for general storage and transfer of data. The NOR type, which allows true random access and therefore direct code execution, is used as a replacement for the older EPROM and as an alternative to certain kinds of ROM applications. However, NOR flash memory may emulate ROM primarily at the machine code level; many digital designs need ROM (or PLA) structures for other uses, often at significantly higher speeds than (economical) flash memory may achieve. NAND or NOR flash memory is also often used to store configuration data in numerous digital products, a task previously made possible by EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM.

Example applications of both types of flash memory include personal computers, PDAs, digital audio players, digital cameras, mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, scientific instrumentation, industrial robotics, medical electronics, and so on. In addition to being non-volatile, flash memory offers fast read access times, as fast as dynamic RAM, although not as fast as static RAM or ROM. Its mechanic shock resistance explain the popularity over hard disks in portable devices; so does its high durability, being able to withstand high pressure, temperature, immersion in water etc.^[1]

Although technically a type of EEPROM, the term "EEPROM" is generally used to refer specifically to non-flash EEPROM which is erasable in small blocks, typically bytes. Because erase cycles are slow, the large block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over old-style EEPROM when writing large amounts of data. Flash memory now costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and has become the dominant memory type wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed.

AVC

H.264

Wideband

Sample

MPEG

Sample

Compact Flash Drive

CompactFlash (CF) is a mass storage device format used in portable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory in a standardized enclosure.

The format was first specified and produced by SanDisk in 1994. The physical format is now used for a variety of devices.

CompactFlash became the most successful of the early memory card formats, outliving Miniature Card, SmartMedia, and PC Card Type I in mainstream popularity. The memory card formats that came out after the introduction of CompactFlash, such as SD/MMC, various Memory Stick formats, xD-Picture Card, offered stiff competition. Most of these cards are significantly smaller than CompactFlash while offering comparable capacity and read/write speed. Proprietary memory card formats intended for use in the field of professional audio and video, such as P2 and SxS, are physically larger, faster, and significantly more expensive.

CF

Compact Flash See Compact Flash Drive

CFD

See Compact Flash Drive

Compact Flash Card

See Compact Flash Drive

Workflow

Sample

Digitizing

Sample

SXS

Sample

SXS Pro

In 2008 Sony introduced a new recording medium to their XDCAM range – SxS Pro (pronounced "S-by-S"). It is a solid-state memory card implemented as an ExpressCard module. The first camera to use this media was the Sony PMW-EX1 professional video camera.

In December 2009, Sony introduced the more affordable SxS-1. This unit is designed to have the same performance as the SxS Pro card however its life expectancy is shorter at an estimated 5 years of life when used every day to the card's full capacity.

Express Card

ExpressCard is an interface to allow peripheral devices to be connected to a computer, usually a laptop computer. Formerly called NEWCARD, the ExpressCard standard specifies the design of slots built into the computer and of cards which can be inserted into ExpressCard slots. The cards contain electronic circuitry and connectors to which external devices can be connected. The ExpressCard standard replaces the PC Card (also known as PCMCIA) standards.

Hardware that may be plugged into a computer via an ExpressCard includes connect cards, FireWire 800 (1394B), USB 2.0 (USB 3.0 only with ExpressCard 2.0), 1Gb/sec Ethernet, Serial ATA external stick drives, solid-state drives, external enclosures for desktop size PCI Express graphics cards, wireless network interface cards (NIC), TV tuner cards, Common Access Card (CAC) readers, and soundcards.

SSD

Solid State Drive.

Solid State Drive

Also Known as SSD and Solid State Module. Essentially a Compact Flash device that can be used in place of a hard drive. In computers these are read as a Computer Drive, just like a hard drive. In cameras and other video recording and playback equipment this is used for acquisition

SATA

Serial ATA Computer Hard Drive

PATA

Sample

FireWire

Sample

PCIExpress

Sample

PCMCIA

Sample

XDCam

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample

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Video Compression

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MSS terrestrial base stations

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Polarity

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LCD

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Terrabyte

Sample Text

3D
Having or appearing to have width, height, and depth (three-dimensional). Accepts and/or produces uncompressed video signals which convey 3D.

3D adjustment setting
Changes the apparent depth of objects on a 3D view screen.

3D Distribution (or transport) formats
Transmitted to the end user over the air, over cable, over satellite, over the Internet or on packaged media. These formats typically need to be compressed on the service provider side and decompressed on the network termination at home.

3D format
An uncompressed video signal type used to convey 3D over an interface.

3D in-home formats
Connect in-home devices to the 3D display system. In-home formats may be compressed or uncompressed. The decompression and decoding/transcoding can be done in several places in the home and can include additional demodulation of RF-modulated signals as well. Video decoding and 3D decoding may be done at different locations in the signal chain, which could require two different in-home formats.

3D native display formats
Formats that are required to create the 3D image on the particular TV. These formats may reside only in the TV, or can be decoded/transcoded outside of the the TV. Normally, once a signal is decoded into the 3D native display format, no additional 3D signal processing is required to display the signal although there is likely to be additional 2D processing. The 3D native display format is different from the native 3D display format or resolution, which refers to the 3D pixel arrangement.

3D signal processing
A video signal processing chain where the processing of the signal is different for 3D video than it is for 2D video and the processor must be aware of the type of signal it is processing.

3D DVD
A DVD movie recorded in 3D

3D ready
Contains 3D decoder/transcoder and may accept and/or produce uncompressed video signals which convey 3D.

3D rendering
The process of producing an image based on three-dimensional data stored within a computer.

3D viewing
The act of viewing a 3D image with both eyes in order to experience stereoscopic vision and binocular depth perception.

Accommodation
The refocusing of the eyes as their vision shifts from one distance plane to another.

Accommodation -vergence relationship
The learned relationship established through early experience between the focusing of the eyes and verging of the eyes when looking at a particular object point in the visual world. Usually called the accommodation/convergence relationship (or the convergence accommodation relationship.)

Accommodation-convergence link
The physiological link which causes the eyes to change focus as they change convergence, a link which has to be overcome in stereo viewing since the focus remains unchanged on the plane of the constituent flat images.

Accommodative facility
The eyes ability to repeatedly change focus from one distance to another. Often measured by use of special flipper lenses. Measurement of each eye in turn is usually made followed by comparing the performance to that of both eyes working together.

Active glasses
Powered shutter glasses that function by alternately allowing each eye to see the left-eye/right-eye images in an eye sequential 3D system. Most commonly based on liquid crystal devices. see passive glasses.

Active stereo
See eye sequential 3D.

Addressable hologram
A hologram that can be changed in real time or near real time.

AIP -Anterior Intrapariental Cortex
An area of the human brain that is uniquely sensitive to visual cues.

Amblyopia
“Lazy eye”. A visual defect that affects approximately 2 or 3 out of every 100 children in the United States. Amblyopia involves lowered visual acuity (clarity) and/or poor muscle control in one eye. The result is often a loss of stereoscopic vision and binocular depth perception.

Anaglyph
A type of stereogram (either printed, projected or viewed on a TV or computer screen) in which the two images are superimposed but are separated, so each eye sees only the desired image, by the use of colored filters and viewing spectacles (commonly red and cyan, or red and green). To the naked eye, the image looks overlapping, doubled and blurry. Traditionally, the image for the left eye is printed in red ink and the right eye image is printed in green ink.

Angular Resolution
The angular resolution determines the smallest angle between independently emitted light beams from a single screen point. It can be calculated by dividing the emission range with the number of independently addressable light beams emitted from a screen point. The angular resolution determines the smallest feature (voxel) the display can recontruct in a given distance fomr the screen.

Analyzers
Devices placed in front of the eyes to separate the left and right eye images, mainly when projected. Typically, these are polarizing spectacles, anaglyph spectacles or liquid crystal shutters.

Auto-stereoscopic
3D displays that do not require glasses to see the stereoscopic image. Multiview autostereoscopic displays based on parallax barrier or lenticules are sometimes called parallax panoramagram displays..

Beamsplitter
A device consisting of prisms and/or mirrors that can be attached to a mono camera to produce two side-by-side images (usually within a single frame). More accurately described as an image-splitter, as it does not split an individual beam into components. Because the groups of light rays forming the left and right images cross over as they pass through the camera lens, the recorded images end up in the correct configuration for stereo viewing without the need for the usual transposition

Binocular
Of or involving both eyes at once. The term binocular stereopsis (two-eyed solid seeing) is used in some psychology books for the depth sense more simply described as stereopsis.

Binocular depth perception
A result of successful stereo vision; the ability to visually perceive three dimensional space; the ability to visually judge relative distances between objects; a visual skill that aids accurate movement in three-dimensional space.

Binocular disparity
The difference between the view from the left and right eyes.

Binocular vision
Vision as a result of both eyes working as a team; when both eyes work together smoothly, accurately, equally and simultaneously.

Binocular vision disability
A visual defect in which the two eyes fail to work together as a coordinated team resulting in a partial or total loss of binocular depth perception and stereoscopic vision. At least 12% of the population has some type of binocular vision disability. Amblyopia and strabismus are the most commonly known types of binocular vision disabilities.

Breakig the frame
If an object has Negative Parallax and is bisected by the edge of the frame then that object is 'breaking the frame' and there is a visual/brain conflict.

Broadband light
Light with a range of optical wavelengths that is comparable to the bandwidths associated wtih the red, green and blue light of a display.

Cardboarding
A condition where objects appear as if cut out of cardboard and lack individual solidity. Usually the result of inadequate depth resolution arising from, for example, a mismatch between the focal length of the taking lens, the stereo base and/or the focal length of the viewing system.

Chromatic stereoscopy
An impression of depth which results from viewing a spectrum of colored images through a light-bending device such as a prism, a pinhole or an embossed ‘holographic’ filter, caused by variations in the amount of bending according to the wavelength of the light from differing colors (chromatic dispersion). If such a device is placed in front of each eye, but arranged to shift planar images or displays of differing colors laterally in opposite directions, a 3D effect will be seen. The effect may also be achieved by the lenses of the viewer's eyes themselves when viewing a planar image with strong and differing colors. Typically, with unaided vision, red portions of the image appear closer to the viewer than the blue portions of the image. Sometimes called Chromostereopsis.

Circular polarization
A form of polarized light in which the tip of the electric vector of the light ray moves through a corkscrew in space.

Column interleaved format
A 3D image format where left and right view image data are encoded on alternate columns of the display.

Compressed video signal
A stream of compacted data representing an uncompressed video signal. A compressed video signal is an encoded version of an uncompressed video signal. A compressed video signal must be decoded to an uncompressed video signal in order to be edited or displayed. Compressed video formats vary according to the encoding methods used. A compressed video signal format may be converted to another using a 'transcoder'.

Convergence
The ability of both eyes to turn inwards together. This enables both eyes to be looking at the exact same point in space. This skill is essential to being able to pay adequate attention at near to be able to read. Not only is convergence essential to maintaining attention and single vision, it is vital to be able to maintain convergence comfortably for long periods of time. For good binocular skills it is also to be able to look further away. This is called divergence. Sustained ability to make rapid convergence and divergence movements are vital skills for learning.

The term has also been used, confusingly, to describe the movement of left and right image fields or the rotation (toe-in) of camera heads.

Corresponding points
The image points of the left and right fields referring to the same point on the object. The distance between the corresponding points on the projection screen is defined as parallax. Also known as conjugate or homologous points.

Crosstalk
Incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels so that one leaks (leakage) or bleeds into the other. Looks like a double exposure. Crosstalk is a physical entity and can be objectively measured, whereas ghosting is a subjective term. See ghosting

CRT
Cathode ray tube. Direct view CRTs have often been used in eye-sequential 3D systems. The decline of the CRT has led to a search for alternative cost effective 3D display systems.

Depth budget
The combined values of the Positive and Negative Parallax. Often given as a % of screen width.

Depth perception
The ability to see in 3D or depth to allow us to judge the relative distances of objects. Often referred to as stereo vision or stereopsis.

Depth range
A term that applies to stereoscopic images created with cameras. The limits are defined as the range of distances in camera space from the background point producing maximum acceptable positive parallax to the foreground point producing maximum acceptable negative parallax.

Diplopia
‘Double vision’. In stereo viewing, a condition where the left and right homologues in a stereogram remain separate instead of being fused into a single image.

Direct view
A display where the viewer looks directly at the display, not at a projected or virtual image produced by the display. CRTs, LCDs, Plasma panels and OLEDs can all be used in direct view 3D displays

Discrete views
The 3D view from any position is provided by a single image source (see distributed views too).

Disparate images
A pair of images that fail as a stereogram (eg, due to distortion, poor trimming, masking, mismatched camera lenses, or the like).

Disparity
The distance between conjugate points on overlaid retinas, sometimes called retinal disparity. The corresponding term for the display screen is parallax.

Disparity Difference
The parallax between two images representing the same scene but acquired from two different viewing angles. The disparity between homologous points is used to compute the elevation.

Display
An electronic device that presents information in visual form, that is, produces an electronic image--such as CRTs, LCDs, plasma displays, electroluminescent displays, field emission displays, etc. Also known as a 'sink' that renders an image.

Display surface
The physical surface of the display which exhibits information (synonym: screen).

Distortion
In general usage, any change in the shape of an image that causes it to differ in appearance from the ideal or perfect form. In stereo, usually applied to an exaggeration or reduction of the front-to-back dimension.

Distributed views
The 3D view at any one time and position from multiple image sources. Also see discrete views.

Divergence
The ability for the eyes to turn outwards together to enable them to both look further away. The opposite of convergence. It is essential for efficient learning and general visual performance to have good divergence and convergence skills.

DLP
Digital light processing. Also see MEMs.

Dwarfism
See Lilliputism.

Edge Violation
See Floating Windows

Emissive
A self-luminous display where there is no separate lamp. CRTs, Plasma panels, LEDs and OLEDs are examples.

Extrastereoscopic cues
Those depth cues appreciated by a person using only one eye. Also called monocular cues. They include interposition, geometric perspective, motion parallax, aerial perspective, relative size, shading, and textural gradient.

Eye-dedicated displays
A 3D display system where there are two separate displays to produce the left and right eye images and the geometry of the system is arranged so each eye can only see one displays.

Eye sequential 3D
The images in a stereo pair are presented alternately to the left and right eyes fast enough to be merged into a single 3D image. At no instant in time are both images present. The images may be separated at teh eyes by active or passive glasses.

Eye tracking
See Tracking.

Eyewear
Anything worn on the head and eyes to produce a 3D image. This includes both passive and active glasses or head mounted displays. Consumer-grade 2D and 3D HMDs are often specifically called eyewear. Passive and active glasses are often just called glasses.

Far point
The feature in a stereo image that appears to be farthest from the viewer.

Field of Depth
The field of depth determines the largest depth a display can visualize with a defined minimum resolution. For displays with fixed emission range and angular resolution, th esize of the smallest displayed feature depends on the the distance from the screen. The smallest feature (voxel) the display can reconstruct is the function of the distance from the screen and the angular resolution. If we set an upper limit on the feature size, the angular resolution determines the distance from the screen, within which the displayed features are smaller than the given limit. This range is the Field of Depth, which effectively determines the largest displayable depth below which the features are within given limit.

Field of view
Usually measured in degrees, this is the angle that a lens can accept light. For instance, the human eye’s horizontal field of view is about 175°.

Field sequential
The rapid alternation of left and right views in the video format, on the display or at the eye.

Fields per second
The number of sub-images presented each second. the sub-image can be defined by the interlace pattern, the color or the left/right images in a stereo pair.

Film
A sheet of material that is thin compared to its lateral dimensions. Films are used to modify the light passing through or reflecting off of them. Films can modify the brightness, color, polarization or direction of light. Film encoded with images can be used in projection systems as an image source.

Floating image
A display where the image appears to be floating in mid-air, separated from any physical display screen.

Floating windows
Humans are wired to view dangers from all around. But through our peripherals humans evolved peripheral site which allows us to notice changes in our field of view even though its only through one eye. There is a difference in say the right eye that the left eye doesn't see but the brain notices it as a defense mechanism.

Now take that same concept and move it to the stereoscopic shooting world. When shooting to get a stereo pair, we are getting obviously the right and left eye. Well when an object is near the edge - edge violation, see where I am going with this - one eye may see more than another eye. If say you have a palm tree barely on the left side edge of your frame, the left eye may not see the tree but the right eye may. Now your brain is interpreting that as something to take notice of it because its occurring in our peripheral. So now this edge violation creates an effect that the brain interprets as a danger or just plain bad. Now if its an item that is moving quickly off of the screen then the brain just interprets that as a fast moving object because there isn't enough time to convert that object into separate images. But being something very slow or even stationary (our palm tree) violating the edge will cause the brain to react negatively.

The moral is watch your framing and beware of edge violations unless they are quick.

Fore window image
An image that appears in front of the stereo window frame; ie, “coming through the window”. Where an image cuts the edge of the window-frame, the effect is usually referred to as floating edges.

Format
The method used to combine images for printing, storage or transmission.

FPD
Flat panel display. The two most common FPDs used in 3D systems are LCDs and plasma panels. OLED FPDs are also commercially available.

Frame compatible 3D format
Left/Right frames organized to fit in a single legacy frame such as 480 x 720, 720 x 1280 or 1080 x 1920 pixels. The pair of images can be pixel decimated using spatial compression, color encoded like anaglyph, time sequenced like page flipping, etc.

Frames per second
The number of complete images delivered to the eye each second.

Front projection
.

Frustum effect
Front-to-back keystone distortion in the space-image so that a cube parallel to the lens-base is portrayed as the frustum of a regular four-sided truncated pyramid with the smaller face towards the observer. In reverse frustum distortion, the larger face is forward.

Full frame stereo format
A stereo format that uses stereo pairs of 8 perforations (film sprockets) per image width. This would be the same as a conventional camera and is used on twin camera stereo photographs and with certain RBT cameras. The Fed Camera can be modified to full frame.

Fusion
The merging (by the action of the brain) of the two separate views of a stereo pair into a single three-dimensional (or Cyclopean) image.

Fusion, irregular
Fusion of points that are not homologous, as with accidental and false stereo effects and multiple diplopia.

Fusional reserves
A series of measures to probe how much stress the convergence and divergence mechanisms are able to cope with when placed under stress. This is linked to the ability to maintain good clear comfortable single vision whilst keeping control of the focusing mechanism. Analysis of the results of this test are complicated. If results are low it can be expected that difficulty in concentrating for long periods will be experienced. Often headaches can result in prolonged periods of close work. Children in particular, but also adults, often show a tendency to avoid prolonged close work when the fusional reserves are low.

Ghosting
The perception of crosstalk is called ghosting. A condition that occurs when the right eye sees a portion of the left image or vice versa causing a faint double image to appear on the screen.

Giantism
Jargon term for the impression of enlarged size of objects in a stereo image due to the use of a stereo base separation less than normal for the focal length of the taking lens(es). See also hypostereo.

Graphics Processing Unit
A high-performance 3D processor that integrates the entire 3D pipeline (transformation, lighting, setup, and rendering). A GPU offloads all 3D calculations from the CPU, freeing the CPU for other functions such as physics and artificial intelligence.

Height error (Vertical error)
A fault present in a stereogram when the two film chips or prints are not aligned vertically in mounting, so that homologous points are at different heights.

HMD
Head Mounted Display

Headset
A display device worn on the user’s head. Typically using LCD technology. These devices can be used in conjunction with a tracking device to create an immersive virtual reality.

Holmes format
A format for stereo cards that are based on a stereoscope invented by Oliver Wendall Holmes. This is the format for most antique cards and have image centers that are further apart than the human eye (3-1/2" x 7"). This is significant because any viewing device for such cards needs to have a mechanism for bending light before it reaches the eyes. Most viewers are prismatic. Later formats for cards were not as large

Holmes stereoscope
Usual name for the common type of hand-held stereoscope with an open skeletal frame. Named after its inventor in 1859, the American physician and author, Oliver Wendell Holmes. Where, as is normally the case, the stereoscope includes a hood to shade the eyes and an adjustable card holder, it is more correctly termed a Holmes-Bates (or just Bates) stereoscope (after Joseph Bates who introduced these refinements).

Holography
“Whole drawing”. A technique for producing an image (hologram) that conveys a sense of depth, but is not a stereogram in the usual sense of providing fixed binocular parallax information. Invented in theory by Dr. Dennis Gabor at Imperial College of London in 1948, holograms were not practical until the ruby laser was invented in 1960 by T.A. Mainman of Hughes Aircraft. Today, holograms are made with lasers and produce images that one can practically touch. Some appear to float in space in front of the frame, and they change perspective as you walk left and right. Holograms are monochromatic, and no special viewers or glasses are necessary, although proper lighting is important. To make a hologram, lengthy exposures are required with illumination by laser beams that must be carefully set up to travel a path with precisely positioned mirrors, beam splitters, lenses, and special film.

Homologues
Homologous points
Identical features in the left and right image points of a stereo pair. The spacing between any two homologous points in a view is referred to as the separation of the two images (which varies according to the apparent distance of the points) and this can be used in determining the correct positioning of the images when mounting as a stereo pair.

Horizontal image translation
The horizontal shifting of the two image fields to change the value of the parallax of corresponding points. The term convergence has been confusingly used to denote this concept.

HUD
Head Up Display
A display device that provides an image floating in mid-air in front of the user.

Hyperfocal distance
The distance setting on the focusing scale of a lens mount which will produce a sharply focused image from infinity to half the distance of the focus setting at any specific lens aperture. Of particular value in stereo photography to ensure maximum ‘depth of field’, so that viewing is not confused by out-of-focus subject matter.

Hyperstereo
Use of a longer than normal stereo base in order to achieve the effect of enhanced stereo depth and reduced scale of a scene; it produces an effect known as Lilliputism because of the miniaturization of the subject matter which appears as a result. Often used in order to reveal depth discrimination in architectural and geological features. The converse of hypostereo.

Hypostereo
Using a baseline that is less than the distance between the left and right eyes when taking the pictures. This exaggerates the size of the objects, making them look larger than life. It produces an effect known as Giantism. The converse of hyperstereo. A good use for this would be 3D photographs of small objects, one could make a train set look life size.
Image splitter
A device mounted on the front of a single lens that, through the use of mirrors or prisms, divides the image captured on film into two halves, which are the two images of a stereoscopic pair. Sometimes called a frame-splitter, and often imprecisely called a beamsplitter

Immersive
A term used to describe a system that is designed to envelop the participant in a virtual world or experience. The amount of immersion the participant feels depends on a number of factors. Visual immersion is the most common goal. This can be done effectively using a large screen or a head-mounted display.

Infinity, stereo
See stereo infinity.

Interaxial distance
Interaxial separation
The distance between camera lenses’ axes.

Interlaced
A type of video stream made up of odd and even lines (or sometimes columns). Normal TV signals (like PAL and NTSC) are interlaced signals, made up of two odd and even line images called fields. These odd and even fields can be used to store stereoscopic left and right images, a technique used on 3D DVDs, although this halves the vertical resolution of the video

Inter lens separation
The distance between the optical centers of the two lenses of a stereo camera or stereoscope, or (in wide-base stereography) between two photographic or viewing positions. Similar to base, stereo.

Interocular adjustment
A provision in some stereo viewers that allows for adjustment of the distance between the lenses of the viewer to correspond with the image’s infinity separation and in some cases the distance between a viewers eyes.

Interocular distance
The separation between the optical centers of a twin-lens stereo viewer (which may be adjustable). Not necessarily the same as the interpupilary distance of the eyes.

Interpupilary distance
Interpupilary separation
Interocular separation
The distance between the centers of the pupils of the eyes when vision is at infinity. IPDs can range from 55 to 75 millimeters in adults, but the average is usually taken to be around 65 mm, the distance used for most resolving calculations and viewer designs.

Inversion
The visual effect achieved when the planes of depth in a stereograph are seen in reverse order; e.g., when the left-hand image is seen by the right eye, and vice-versa. Often referred to as pseudostereo.

IR transmitter
A device that sends synchronization signals to wireless shutter glasses.
JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group. An image format that drastically reduces image size, at the expense of throwing out information. Most of the time, the loss of information is not noticeable. When saving an image, you can set the degree of compression you would like, at the expense of image quality. Usually, you can achieve 3:1 compression without noticing much. JPEG uses an 8x8 grid and does a discrete cosine transformation on the image. The result when compression is high and quality is low is a tiling patter and visible artifacts at high-contrast boundaries, particularly noticeable in skies.

JPEG2000
A newer, more computationally intensive JPEG standard. It allows for much higher compression rates than JPEG for comparable image quality loss. To achieve this, it uses a wavelet transformation on the image, which takes much more computing power, but as time progresses and machines become faster, this is less of a problem than when the first JPEG standard came out. The size of the compressible area can vary, so no tiling pattern is evident.

JPS
Stereoscopic JPEG file. A stereoscopic image file format that is based on JPEG compression.
Keystoning
Term used to describe the result arising when the film plane in a camera or projector is not parallel to the view or screen. The perspective distortion that follows from this produces an outline of, or border to, the picture which is trapezoidal in shape, resembling the keystone of a masonry arch. In stereo, the term is applied to the taking or projecting of two images where the cameras or projectors are ‘toed-in’ so that the principal objects coincide when viewed. The proportions of the scene will then have slight differences that produce some mismatching of the outlines or borders of the two images. Gross departures from orthostereoscopic practice (eg, if using telephoto lenses) can produce keystoning in depth; more properly called a frustum effect.
Lenticular
Pertaining to a lens. As used by Brewster to describe his lensed stereoscope. Shaped like a lens. In stereo, used to describe:
(1) A method of producing a depth effect without the use of viewing equipment, using an overlay of semi-cylindrical (or part-cylindrical) lens-type material which exactly matches alternating left and right images on a specially-produced print, thereby enabling each eye to see only one image from any viewing position, as in an autostereogram.
(2) A projection screen with a surface made up of tiny silvered convex surfaces which spread the reflected polarized light to increase the viewing angle.

Lenticular screen
A projection screen that has embossed vertical lines for its finish rather than the “emery board” finish most common. They tend to cost more. The silvered version is critical to 3D projection, as any white screen will not preserve the polarization of the image reflected off it.

Lilliputism
Jargon term for the miniature model appearance resulting from using a wider-than-normal stereo base in hyperstereography.

Linear polarization
A form of polarized light in which the tip of the electric vector of the light ray remains confined to a plane.

Lorgnette
A handheld pair of lenses that helps people view stereographs.
Macro stereo
Ultra close-up images, photographed with a much-reduced stereo base in order to maintain correct stereo recession.

Macro stereo photography
Stereo photography in which the image on the film is about the same size or larger than the true size of the image.

Magic Eye
Paintings and computer generated optical illusions that, if one can freeview, reveal hidden images of shapes and objects.

Mirror stereoscope
A stereo viewer incorporating angled mirrors, as in the Wheatstone and Cazes stereoscopes.

Misalignment
In stereo usage, a condition where one homologue or view is higher or lower than the other. Where the misalignment is rotational in both views, there is tilt; in one view only, twist. Viewing a misaligned stereogram can result in diplopia or produce eyestrain.

Monocular areas
Parts of the scene in a stereo image that appear in one view and not in the other. These can be natural (if behind the stereo window) or unnatural, as in the case of floating edges (if in front of the stereo window).

Monocular cues
See Extrastereoscopic Cues.

Mount
In stereo usage, a special holder or card used to secure, locate and protect the two images of a stereo pair. Usually, the term includes any framing device or mask that may be incorporated.

Mounting
The process of fixing the left and right views to a mask or mount (single or double) so that they are in correct register, both vertically (to avoid misalignment) and horizontally (so that the stereo view is held in correct relationship to the stereo window).

Mounting jig
A device used to assist in the process of mounting stereo pairs in correct register, usually incorporating an alignment grid placed below the mount holder and a pair of viewing lenses above the film chips to enable each eye to focus on the appropriate image and fuse the pairs.

MPEG
Standards developed by Moving Picture Experts Group. A type of audio/video file found on the Internet. There are three major MPEG standards: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4.

Multiplex
The process of taking a right and left image and combining them with a multiplexing software tool or with a multiplexer to make one stereo 3D image.

Multiplexing
The technique for placing the two images required for a stereoscopic display within an existing bandwidth.
Near point
The feature in a stereo image that appears to be nearest to the viewer.

Near point of accommodation
The closest distance from the eyes that reading material can be read. This distance varies with age. It is often measured in each eye separately and both eyes together. The results are compared to one and other.

Near point stress
The term used when close work is causing the individual unacceptable stress. This is often seen when the relationship between accommodation and convergence is maintained only by excessive effort. The response to this is either a tendency to avoid close work (known as evasion) or alternatively, to use progressively more and more effort. This is typified by a tendency to get closer and closer to the work and then to suffer slower work rates, head aches and eye discomfort. Writing often becomes labored and difficult, showing a tight pencil grip and excessive pressure. They may complain of blurred vision, print getting smaller, colored fringes around text that sometimes moves on the page and possibly double vision. There is often a generalized ocular discomfort and there can be complaints of feeling ‘washed out’ after prolonged concentration. Symptoms can vary from day to day.

Nimslo
The brand name, taken from the surnames of inventors Jerry Nims and Allen Lo, for a camera system intended primarily to produce lenticular autostereo prints, incorporating four lenses to record the same number of images (each of 4-perforations width) on 35mm film. The name is often used to identify the size of mask or mount developed to hold 4-perforation-wide pairs of transparencies made with this camera and its derivatives.

Nimslo format
A stereo format that uses stereo pairs of 4.5 perforations (film sprockets) per image width. This would be the equivalent of a half frame and is used with Nishika and Nimslo stereo cameras. Some cameras with beamsplitters use a 4 perforation format but this would not be called a Nimslo format. .

NTSC
A type of interlaced video stream used primarily in North America. It is made up from 525 horizontal lines playing at 30 frames per second (or 60 fields per second).
One-in-thirty rule
A rule-of-thumb calculation for determining the stereo base when using a non-standard camera lens separation, eg in hyper- or macro- stereography. To achieve optimum stereo depth, the separation of the centers of the camera lenses should be around one-thirtieth of the distance from the lenses to the closest subject matter in a scene. This ‘rule’ only holds good under certain optical conditions (eg where ‘standard’ focal-length lenses are used), and usually needs to be varied when, for example, lenses of longer or shorter than normal focal length are used.

OpenGL
A graphics API that was originally developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. for use on professional graphics workstations. OpenGL subsequently grew to be the standard API for CAD and scientific applications and today is popular for consumer applications such as PC games as well.

Ortho stereo
The ideal position and distance for viewing a stereo image.

Orthoscopic image
A stereoscopic image viewed with its planes of depth in proper sequence, as opposed to an inverse (or pseudo) stereoscopic image.

Orthostereoscopic image
An image that appears to be correctly spaced as in the original view.

Ortho-stereoscopical Viewing
When the focal length of your viewer’s lenses is equal to that of the focal length of the taking lenses of the camera in which the slides were viewed. This is said to allow you to see the objects as being exactly the same size and with the same distance between each other in the viewer as in reality.

Over/under format
Over/Under format involves using a mirror system to separate the left and right images that are placed one above one another. Special mirrored viewers are made for over/under format.

Over-and-under
A form of stereo recording (on cine film) or viewing (of prints) in which the left and right images are positioned one above the other rather than side-by-side, and viewed with the aid of prisms or mirrors which deflect the light path to each eye accordingly.
PAL
A type of interlaced video stream used in the UK and around the world. It is made up from 625 horizontal lines playing at 25 frames per second (or 50 fields per second).

Panorama pictures
Pictures taken of the world around you as if you were turning around in a circle.

Panum phenomenon
A trick of stereo viewing whereby, if a single vertical line is presented to one eye and two vertical lines to the other, and one of the double lines is fused with the single line in binocular viewing, the unmatched line is perceived to be nearer or further away than the fused line. A concept used in the design of stereo mounting grids. A phenomenon first described by the scientist Panum in 1858.

Parallax
Apparent change in the position of an object when viewed from different points. The distance between conjugate points. Generally, the differences in a scene when viewed from different points (as, photographically, between the viewfinder and the taking lens of a camera). In stereo, often used to describe the small relative displacements between homologues, more correctly termed deviation.

Parallax budget
The range of parallax values, from maximum negative to maximum positive, that is within an acceptable range for comfortable viewing.

Parallax stereogram
A form of autostereogram which currently describes a technique in which alternate thin vertical strips of the left and right hand views are printed in a composite form and then overlaid with a grating (originally), or (nowadays) a lenticular sheet of cylindrical lenses which presents each view to the correct eye for viewing stereoscopically.

Parallel viewing method
Viewing a stereo image where the left view of a stereo image is placed on the left and the right view is placed on the right. This is the way most stereocards are made as opposed to cross-eyed viewing.

Parallel free-vision fusion Parallel-viewing
The parallel method
A free viewing technique in which the lines of sight of the two eyes aim and meet at a point beyond and behind the 3D image; the eyes move outward (away from the nose) toward PARALLEL lines of sight.It works with small images, but is somewhat limiting on a computer screen.

Passive polarized 3D glasses
3D glasses made with polarizing filters. Used in conjunction with a view screen that preserves polarized light.

Passive stereo
A technique whereby 3D stereoscopic imagery is achieved by polarizing the left and right images differently at source, viewed using low-cost polarizing glasses.

Photo bubble
Photo sphere
Photo cube
A form of panorama picture made of photos usually taken with a fisheye lens. They are then stitched together to produce a photo sphere or cube. The viewer can see all around, above, and below.

Photogrammetry
A professional discipline which uses stereography as a basis for scientific measurement and map-making. The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena.

Planar image
Flat
Two dimensional
A planar image is one contained in a two-dimensional space, but not necessarily one that appears flat. It may have all the depth cues except stereopsis.

Plano-stereoscopic
A stereoscopic projected image that is made up of two planar images.

Polarization of light
The division of beams of light into separate planes or vectors by means of polarizing filters (first practically applied by Edwin Land of the Polaroid company in the 1930s). When two vectors are crossed at right angles, vision or light rays are obscured.

Progression
(in film transport)
The amount or method by which film is advanced between exposures in a purpose-built stereo camera. The Colardeau progression moves by an even two frames; the Verascope progression moves by one and three frames alternately.

Pseudo stereo
The effect produced when the left view image and the right view image are reversed. This condition causes a conflict between depth and perspective image.

Pseudoscopic
Pseudo
The presentation of three-dimensional images in inverse order, so that the farthest object is seen as closest and vice-versa: more correctly referred to as inversion. Achieved (either accidentally or deliberately, for effect) when the left and right images are transposed for viewing.

Psuedoscopy
Viewing of stereo pair with images the depth or relief of an object is reversed.

Pulfrich effect
Term now used to describe an illusory stereoscopic effect which is produced when two-dimensional images moving laterally on a single plane (as on a film or television screen) are viewed at slightly different time intervals by each eye, the perceived delay between the eyes being achieved by means of reduced vision in one of them; eg, through the use of a neutral-density filter. The apparent positional displacement that results from this is interpreted by the brain as a change in the distance of the fused image. A scene is produced giving a depth effect, the depth being proportionate to the rate of movement of the object, not to the object distance. The phenomenon was first adequately described in 1922 by Carl Pulfrich, a physicist employed by Carl Zeiss, Jena, in relation to a moving object (a laterally-swinging pendulum).

Pulfrich stereo
Stereo video taken by rolling a camera sideways at a right angle to an object. When played back, the viewer wears glasses with one eye unobstructed, and the other through a darker lens. The brain is fooled into processing frames of the video in sequence, and the result is a moving stereo image in color.
Ramsdell rig
See beamsplitter.

Random dot stereogram
A type of stereogram in which a three-dimensional image is formed by the fusing of apparently randomly-placed dots in a stereo pair: an effect first created manually by Herbert Mobbs of The Stereoscopic Society in the 1920s but scientifically developed, using computer-generated images, by Bela Julesz in the 1960s. The random dot stereogram is a computer-generated image that could be perceived only with binocular (two-eyed) depth perception. This is a method in which a pattern is repeated at about the distance between your eyes (2.5-2.75 inches). Minor variations in the patterns from column to column will combine to give you depth information when your eyes have diverged from their focus point (relaxed focus- walleyed). This method has limitations due to the fact that only graphics-type images can be shown- not a true-color image.

Realist Format
The 5-perforation 35 mm slide format of 23 x 24 mm, originally created by the specification of the Stereo Realist (USA) camera, and subsequently adopted by many other manufacturers. A stereo format that uses stereo pairs of 5 perforations (film sprockets) per image width. This is the most common stereo format and is named after the camera made by the David White Company. It is used with the Kodak, TDC Colorist I and II, TDC Vivid, Revere, Wollensak, Realist, along with many other cameras too numerous to mention.

Realtime 3D graphics
Realtime graphics are produced on-the-fly, by a 3D graphics card. Realtime is essential if the user needs to interact with the images as in virtual reality, as opposed to watching a movie sequence.

Rear projection
Rear projection is when images are projected from behind a screen. The advantage of this configuration is that a viewer cannot cast shadows by getting in between the projector and screen - particularly important when a user is interacting with images on the screen. Certain types of rigid and flexible rear projection screens can be used for stereoscopic projection.

Retinal disparity
See Disparity.

Retinal rivalry
Retinal rivalry is the simultaneous transmission of incompatible images from each eye.

Rig
Dual camera heads in a properly engineered mounting used to shoot stereo movies.

Rochwite Mount
R-mount, Rochwite
This is the name sometimes used to delineate the 41 x 101mm, 1-5/8" x 4" (outer dimensions) mount used for almost all stereo slides. Mounts of these outer dimensions are made for the Realist, European, Nimslo, and full frame formats. Named after Seaton Rochwite, the inventor of the Realist Stereo Camera.

Rotation
Tilting of the images through not holding the camera horizontally, causing one lens to be higher than the other at the picture-taking stage. If the tilting is not too severe, it may be possible to straighten both images when mounting but there will be a height error, however small, in part of the image. A difference in the alignment of the two images in a stereogram caused by faulty mounting.

Row interleaved
A format to create 3D video or images in which each row or line of video alternates between the left eye and the right eye (from top to bottom).
Savoy format
A stereo format produced by prisms or other forms of image-splitter on a planar camera, side-by-side for still images and over-and-under for cine images.

Screen space
The region appearing to be within a screen or behind the surface of the screen. Images with positive parallax will appear to be in screen space. The boundary between screen and theater space is the plane of the screen and has zero parallax.

Selection device
The hardware used to present the appropriate image to the appropriate eye and to block the unwanted image. For 3D movie the selection device is usually eyewear used in conjunction with a device at the projector, like a polarizing device.

Separation (interaxial)
The distance between two taking positions in a stereo photograph. Sometimes used to denote the distance between two homologues

Septum
The partition used in a stereo camera to separate the two image paths. Any partition or design element that effectively separates the lines of sight of the eyes such that only their respective left and right images are seen by each one.

Sequential stereograph
A stereo pair of images made with one camera that is moved by an appropriate separation between the making of the LH and the RH exposures.

Shutter glasses
A device worn on your head, with two lenses generally covered in a liquid crystal material and controlled by your computer. When viewing a 3D image using these glasses, your computer displays the left image first, while instructing your glasses to open the left eye’s “shutter” (making the liquid crystal transparent) and to close the right eye’s “shutter” (making the liquid crystal opaque). Then in a short interval - 1/30 or 1/60 of a second, the right image is displayed, and the glasses are instructed to reverse the shutters. This keeps up for as long as you view the image. Since the time interval is so short, your brain can’t tell the difference in time, and views them simultaneously. Does not require polarized light preserving screen.

Siamese
Used as a verb, to assemble a stereo camera from the relevant parts of two similar planar cameras. Therefore, siamesed (adjective) to describe the finished assembly.

Silvered screen
A type of screen surface used for passive stereoscopic front projection. These screens maintain the polarization of the light introduced by polarizing filters in front of the two projector lenses.

Single image random dot stereogram
A computer-generated stereogram in which the depth information is combined into a single image (a stereo pair is no longer visible to the naked eye). A form of random dot stereogram in which the stereo pair is encoded into a single composite image that each eye has to decipher separately. Popularized in the “Magic Eye” type books of the 1990s. The first single image random dot stereogram was programmed on an Apple II computer in 1979 by Maureen Clarke and Christopher Tyler.

Slide bar
A device for taking sequential stereo pairs of non-moving subjects, enabling a planar camera to move by an appropriate separation whilst holding the camera in correct horizontal register with the optical axes either parallel or “toed-in” to create a convenient stereo window. It is more accurate than Cha-Cha and can be used to produce 2x2 stereo format slides.

Spinography
This is done by walking around an object and taking pictures every 10-20 degrees, or putting the camera on a tripod and an object on a turntable and rotating it 10-20 degrees between shots. It can also be done with 3D modeling software by a computer. It does not create the same sense of depth as stereographics. To view spinography on a computer you usually need a small program for your browser called a plug-in.

Squeeze
Diminution of depth in a stereogram in relation to the other two dimensions, usually resulting from a viewing distance closer than the optimum (especially in projection). The opposite effect to stretch.

Stereo
Having depth, or three-dimensional: used as a prefix to describe, or as a contraction to refer to, various stereographic or stereoscopic artifacts or phenomena. Stereo comes from the Greek stereos for hard, firm or solid and it means combining form, solid, three-dimensional. Two inputs combine to create one unified perception of three-dimensional space.

Stereo acuity
The ability to distinguish different planes of depth, measured by the smallest angular differences of parallax that can be resolved binocularly.

Stereo blind
A term describing people who cannot fuse two images into one with depth (stereopsis).

Stereo infinity
The farthest distance at which spatial depth effects are normally discernible, usually regarded as 200 meters for practical purposes.

Stereo pair
In 1838 Charles Wheatstone invented the first stereoscopic viewer for the 3D viewing of stereo pairs.

Stereo vision
Stereoscopic vision Stereopsis
Two eye views combine in the brain to create the visual perception of one three-dimensional image. A byproduct of good binocular vision. Vision wherein the separate images from two eyes are successfully combined into one three-dimensional image in the brain.

Stereo window
The viewing frame or border of a stereo pair, defining a spatial plane through which the three-dimensional image can be seen beyond (or, for a special effect, “coming through”). A design feature in some stereo cameras whereby the axes of the lenses are offset slightly inwards from the axes of the film apertures, so as to create a self-determining window in the resulting images which is usually set at around an apparent 2 meters distance from the viewer. If the objects appear to be closer to the viewer than this plane it is called breaking the window.

Stereocomparator
A stereoscopic instrument for measuring parallax; usually includes a means of measuring photograph coordinates of image points.

Stereogram
A general term for any arrangement of LH and RH views which produces a three-dimensional result, which may consist of:
(1) A side-by-side or over-and-under pair of images
(2) Superimposed images projected onto a screen
(3) A color-coded composite (anaglyph)
(4) Lenticular images
(5) A vectograph
(6) In film or video, alternate projected LH and RH images which fuse by means of the persistence of vision.

Stereograph
The original term, coined by Wheatstone, for a three-dimensional image produced by drawing; now denoting any image viewed from a stereogram. In more general but erroneous usage as the equivalent of stereogram.

Stereographer
A person who makes stereo pictures.

Stereographoscope
An early type of stereoscope that also carries a large monocular lens (above the two regular stereoscopic lenses) for the viewing of planar photographs.

Stereographs
Stereograms
Stereopairs
Two images made from different points of view that are side by side. When viewed with a special viewer the effect is remarkably similar to seeing the objects in reality.

Stereography
The art and practice of three-dimensional image making.

Stereojet prints
Made of a special transparency material with polarized images inkjetted onto each side, they can be displayed as transparencies or mounted against a reflective background and can be made up to poster size. They are viewed with an inexpensive pair of polarized lenses made for stereo viewing. Regular polarized sunglasses will usually not work because the lenses are mounted at the wrong angle of polarization. Colors are truer than anaglyphs, and when properly lit, they look very real.

Stereo-photogrammetry
Stereo-photogrammetry is based on the concept of stereo-viewing, which derives from the fact that human beings naturally view their environment in three dimensions. Each eye sees a single scene from slightly different positions. The brain then “calculates” the difference and “reports” the third dimension.

Stereoplexing
Stereoscopic multiplexing
A means to incorporate information for the left and right perspective views into a single information channel without expansion of the bandwidth.

Stereoplotter
An instrument for plotting a map or obtaining spatial solutions by observation of pairs of stereo photographs.

Stereopsis
The binocular depth sense, literally, “"solid seeing.” The blending of stereopairs by the brain. The physiological and mental process of converting the individual LH and RH images seen by the eyes into the sensation and awareness of depth in a single three-dimensional concept (or Cyclopean image).

Stereopticon
Term sometimes (erroneously) used to describe a stereoscope. First used (1875) to identify a dissolving twin-image magic lantern which could be used to convey information about depth by the blended sequential presentation of a series of planar views of a subject; later applied to some other kinds of non-stereo projectors.

Stereo-restitution
Process that uses two-dimensional information contained in a pair of images to recreate the shape and position of objects.

Stereoscope
A binocular optical instrument for helping an observer obtain the mental impression of a three-dimensional model when view plano-stereoscopic images (stereograms). The design of stereoscopic instruments use a combination of lenses, mirrors and prisms. It is usually an optical device with twin viewing systems.

Stereoscopic
“Solid looking”. Having visible depth as well as height and width. May refer to any experience or device that is associated with binocular depth perception.

Stereoscopic 3D
Two photographs taken from slightly different angles that appear three-dimensional when viewed together.

Stereoscopy
The art and science of creating images with the depth sense stereopsis. The reproduction of the effects of binocular vision by photographic or other graphic means. Stereography.

Strabismus
“Crossed eye”, “wall eye”, “wandering eye”, esotropia, exotropia, hyperphoria. Affects approximately 4 out of every 100 children in the United States. It is a visual defect in which the two eyes point in different directions. One eye may turn either in, out, up, or down while the other eye aims straight ahead. Due to this condition, both eyes do not always aim simultaneously at the same object. This results in a partial or total loss of stereo vision and binocular depth perception. The eye turns may be visible at all times or may come and go. In some cases, the eye misalignments are not obvious to the untrained observer.

Stretch
The elongation of depth in a stereogram in relation to the other two dimensions, usually caused by viewing from more than the optimum distance, especially in projection. The opposite effect to squeeze.

Strip of stereo photographs
A series of overlapping photographs taken while moving the camera in one direction and at regular intervals so as to generate a sequence of stereo images.

Surround
The vertical and horizontal edges immediately adjacent to the screen.
t
In stereoscopy, t is used to denote the distance between the eyes, called the interpupilary or interocular distance. tc is used to denote the distance between stereoscopic camera heads’ lens axes and is called the interaxial.

Tautomorphic image
A stereoscopic image which presents the original scene to the viewer exactly as it would have been perceived in life; ie, with the same apparent scale, positions of scenic elements, and a stereo magnification of x1 for all subject matter in the view.

Taxiphote viewer
A form of cabinet viewer devised by the Jules Richard Company for viewing a collection of stereograms in sequence, and continuously.

Teco Nimslo
A camera that uses the Nimslo format but has been modified by Technical Enterprises to expose only two frames per exposure as opposed to the four frames per exposure needed for lenticular processing.

Theater Space
The region appearing to be in front of the screen or out into the audience. Can also be called audience space. Images with negative parallax will appear to be in theater space. The boundary between screen and theater space is the plane of the screen and has zero parallax.

Therapeutic 3D viewing
3D viewing for the sake of improving important visual skills such eye teaming, binocular coordination and depth perception.

Tissue
In stereo usage, an early type of stereogram on translucent paper in a card frame, often tinted and sometimes with pin-pricked highlights designed for viewing with backlighting.

Toeing-in
The technique of causing the optical axes of twin planar cameras to converge at a distance point equivalent to that of a desired stereo window, so that the borders of the images are coincident at that distance (apart from any keystoning which results).

Tracking
A 3D tracking system is used in virtual reality in order for the computer to track the participant’s head and hands. There are many different types including optical, magnetic and ultrasonic tracking systems.

Traditional photogrammetry
The use of film photography (usually diapositives) with analogue or analytical stereoplotters.

Transcoding
The process of converting one 3D video format into another. Example field sequential 3D video into column interleaved image data.

Transposition
The changing over of the inverted images produced by a stereo camera to the upright and left/right presentation necessary for normal viewing. May be achieved optically by means of a transposing camera or viewer, or mechanically by means of a special printing frame, as well as manually during the mounting of images.

Tru-Vue
Proprietary name of a commercial stereo transparency viewing system that presents a series of views in a film-strip sequence on a single card mount.

Twin camera stereo photography http://www.berezin.com/3d/cameras.htm - Fed 50
Stereo photography using two monoscopic cameras, usually with shutters and other components connected internally or externally using mechanical or electronic means. This photography has advantages that include using common formats (e.g. full frame, medium format...) and being able to achieve a variable stereo base. Drawbacks include difficulty matching cameras, film and getting normal stereo bases. Camera bars can be used to help achieve more consistent results.

Twist
Rotational displacement of one view in a stereo pair in relation to the other.
Vectograph
A form of polarization-coded stereogram (originally devised by the Polaroid company) in which the images are mounted on the front and rear surfaces of a transparent base, and are viewed by polarized light or through polarized filters. The polarized equivalent of an anaglyph stereogram.

Verascope format
See Progression format.

ViewMagic
Proprietary name of a commercial stereo print viewing system (utilizing angled periscope-type mirrors) for over-and-under mounted prints; the name now also being used to identify this mounting format.

View-Master
Proprietary name of a commercial stereo transparency image display and viewing system utilizing stereo pairs (7 in total) mounted in a circular rotating holder, and viewed with a purpose-made stereo viewer.

View-Master personal format http://www.berezin.com/3d/images/vmreel.jpg
The format used with a Viewmaster Personal Camera. It produced 2 rows of chips of around 18 x 10mm per roll of 35mm film. These were used in conjunction with a cutter to make View-Master reels for personal use. It is not the same method that is used for mass- market reels produced by Fisher Price.

Virtual reality
A system of computer-generated 3D images (still or moving) viewed by means of a headset linked to the computer that incorporates left-eye and right-eye electronic displays. The controlling software programs often enables the viewer to move interactively within the environment or ‘see’ 360° around a scene by turning the head, and also to “grasp” virtual objects in the scene by means of an electronically-linked glove. Although they allow you to see all sides of an object by rotating it, you are still seeing only two dimensions at a time.

Vision
The act of perceiving and interpreting visual information with the eyes, mind, and body.

VRML
Virtual Reality Markup Language. A set of standards for spinography software. Images are not really VR.
Wheatstone stereoscope
A “reflecting” or mirror stereoscope in which a pair of images (which need to be reversed) are placed facing each other at either end of a horizontal bar and viewed through a pair of angled mirrors fixed midway between them. Named after Sir Charles Wheatstone who devised this earliest form of stereoscope in 1832, prior to the advent of photography.

Window
The stereo window corresponds to the screen surround unless floating windows are used.
Z-Buffer
The area of the graphics memory used to store the Z or depth information about rendered objects. The Z-buffer value of a pixel is used to determine if it is behind or in front of another pixel. Z calculations prevent background objects from overwriting foreground objects in the frame buffer.

ZPS
Zero parallax setting or the means used to control screen parallax to place an object in the plane of the screen. ZPS may be controlled by HIT, or toe-in. We can refer to the plane of zero parallax, or the point of zero parallax (PZP) so achieved. Prior terminology says that left and right images are converged when in the plane of the screen.

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